C# port

[ye]

(copied from ./csharp/PORTING.md)

Example demo run:

Porting Summary: Java → C# QR Code Generator

Scope

• Ported the core QR Code generator from the Java implementation (java/src/main/java/io/nayuki/qrcodegen/) to C#.
• Implemented a class library QrCodeGen and a minimal console demo QrCodeGen.Demo.

Goals

• Maintain functional parity with the Java reference (encoding pipeline, EC levels, masking, penalties, Reed–Solomon ECC, layout drawing).
• Provide idiomatic and safe C# while preserving algorithmic behavior and outputs.

Note

• This PR is 100% generated by JetBrains Junie Pro AI code assistant.
• QR Code Generate Demo console app is a minimal port of the Java demo and working.

---

Repository Layout (Relevant to this PR)

• csharp/QR-Code-generator.sln — Solution file containing two projects.
• csharp/QrCodeGen/ — Class library (C# port of the Java library):
  • BitBuffer.cs
  • DataTooLongException.cs
  • QrSegment.cs
  • QrSegmentAdvanced.cs (simplified vs. Java; see Feature Parity section)
  • QrCode.cs
• csharp/QrCodeGen.Demo/ — Console demo app (depends on QrCodeGen).

---

Class-by-Class Mapping

• Java BitBuffer → C# BitBuffer

  • API preserved: append bits, append buffer, length, get bit, cloning.
  • Implementation uses List<bool> and explicit bounds checks like Java’s BitSet/length pair.

• Java DataTooLongException → C# DataTooLongException

  • Extends ArgumentException (close analog to Java’s IllegalArgumentException).

• Java QrSegment → C# QrSegment

  • Static factories: MakeBytes, MakeNumeric, MakeAlphanumeric, MakeEci.
  • Helpers: IsNumeric, IsAlphanumeric via regexes mirroring Java patterns.
  • Mode enum and character-count bits mapping provided via extension methods.
  • GetTotalBits() faithfully ported.

• Java QrSegmentAdvanced → C# QrSegmentAdvanced

  • Included as an optional module. Current implementation mirrors the default segmentation path (numeric/alphanumeric/byte) and returns reasonably optimal segments for common inputs, but does not implement full DP-based optimal segmentation and Kanji mode. See Feature Parity and Future Work.

• Java QrCode → C# QrCode

  • High-level APIs: EncodeText, EncodeBinary.
  • Mid-level API: EncodeSegments with minVersion, maxVersion, mask, and boostEcl parameters.
  • Constructor path builds function patterns, computes ECC, interleaves, draws codewords, applies mask, and computes penalties identically.
  • Tables ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK and NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS ported exactly. Signed sbyte used to allow -1 sentinels.
  • All penalty and mask rules implemented verbatim.

---

Feature Parity

• Achieved parity:

  • Version selection by capacity.
  • Error correction level boosting (when it doesn’t increase version).
  • Data stream building, terminator and padding, interleaving across ECC blocks.
  • Drawing: finder, timing, alignment patterns; format and version information.
  • Mask application and penalty scoring (N1–N4 rules) with identical logic.
  • Reed–Solomon divisor/remainder algorithms and multiplication over GF(2^8/0x11D).

• Intentional differences / limitations:

  • QrSegmentAdvanced does not implement:
    • Full dynamic-programming optimal segmentation across all modes.
    • Kanji segment encoding.
  • The default path still matches Java’s QrSegment.makeSegments() selection (numeric/alphanumeric/byte) and therefore preserves functional outputs for typical text.

• Behavioral equivalence expectations:

  • For inputs limited to numeric/alphanumeric/byte, outputs should match Java for the same chosen mask (or mask-agnostic when mask=-1) and ECL.

---

Notable C#-Specific Decisions

• sbyte[][] tables for ECC metadata to accommodate -1 sentinel (Java byte is signed; C# byte is unsigned).
• Enum helpers via extension methods for mapping to mode bits and character-count bits.
• BitBuffer cloning implemented to maintain immutability of exposed data as in Java.
• Exceptions aligned to .NET conventions (e.g., ArgumentException, ArgumentOutOfRangeException).

---

Build and Run Instructions

• Target frameworks: net8.0 (both projects). If your machine only has .NET 9, either install .NET 8 or retarget both projects to net9.0.

Commands from repo root:

dotnet restore csharp/QR-Code-generator.sln
dotnet build csharp/QR-Code-generator.sln -c Debug
# Run demo
dotnet run --project csharp/QrCodeGen.Demo

Rider/VS:

• Open csharp/QR-Code-generator.sln and build. Ensure your IDE uses the Microsoft .NET SDK (not Homebrew’s) and that the installed SDK matches net8.0 or update TFM to net9.0.

---

Verification Performed

• Build succeeded locally after addressing initial compile issues (sbyte tables, enum constructor, finder pattern drawing, bit-buffer bounds).
• Demo run prints QR metadata and ASCII rendering for “Hello, world!”.
• Corrected a runtime bug where data bytes were read beyond BitBuffer length; now we read numDataBytes = bb.BitLength / 8 and then apply 0xEC/0x11 padding.

---

Reviewer Checklist

• API Parity:
  • QrCode: factory methods, mid-level encode, mask selection, ECC boosting.
  • QrSegment: mode mapping, regex correctness, bit-length calculations.
  • BitBuffer: bounds checks, append semantics, cloning.
• Tables: Verify ECC and block count tables match Java constants exactly.
• Masking/Penalties: Confirm penalty N1..N4 and zigzag codeword placement logic mirror Java.
• Error Paths: Proper exceptions for out-of-range versions/masks/lengths.
• Padding: Verify 0xEC/0x11 alternating pad applied after real bytes from BitBuffer.
• Public API surface: Namespaces and visibility appropriate for a library; no leaking internals.

---

Known Gaps / Future Work

• Implement full QrSegmentAdvanced:
  • DP-based optimal segmentation across modes.
  • Kanji mode encoding per the Java version.
• Add unit tests:
  • Cross-verify bitwise outputs vs. Java for a fixed mask across sample inputs.
  • Randomized round-trips using known test vectors.
• Add simple image renderer (PNG/SVG) for easier visual verification.
• Performance: Consider bit-packing in BitBuffer to reduce allocations for very large payloads.

---

Migration Risks and Mitigations

• SDK Mismatch (net8.0 vs installed SDK): Documented; either install .NET 8 or retarget to net9.0 in both .csproj files.
• Environment: Ensure the IDE uses Microsoft’s SDK at /usr/local/share/dotnet; avoid Homebrew’s SDK confusion.
• Behavior Drift: The simplified QrSegmentAdvanced may produce larger bitstreams for mixed-content strings vs. Java’s optimal splitter. This does not affect correctness, only compactness.

---

File List (Added/Modified)

• Added:
  • csharp/QR-Code-generator.sln
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/QrCodeGen.csproj
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/BitBuffer.cs
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/DataTooLongException.cs
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/QrSegment.cs
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/QrSegmentAdvanced.cs
  • csharp/QrCodeGen/QrCode.cs
  • csharp/QrCodeGen.Demo/QrCodeGen.Demo.csproj
  • csharp/QrCodeGen.Demo/Program.cs

---

How Reviewers Can Reproduce

• Build and run demo as above.
• Optionally compare module patterns vs. Java output with a fixed mask (pass mask in EncodeSegments) over several sample strings.

---

License Alignment

• The C# port continues to follow the MIT License consistent with the Java version and includes the original copyright attribution.

---

Appendix: Usage Example

using Io.Nayuki.QrCodeGen;

var qr = QrCode.EncodeText("Hello, world!", QrCode.Ecc.MEDIUM);
for (int y = 0; y < qr.Size; y++) {
    for (int x = 0; x < qr.Size; x++) {
        bool dark = qr.GetModule(x, y);
        // render module
    }
}