Add stall detection to recover from frozen uploads

This feature addresses the issue of uploads hanging indefinitely in
unreliable network conditions, particularly in Node.js environments
where no default timeout exists.

When uploads stall due to network issues, TCP connections can enter a
degraded state where no data is transferred but no error is triggered.
This implementation detects such stalls and forces a retry.

Implementation details:
- Supports two detection methods:
  - Progress-based: Detects when no upload progress events are fired
  - Rate-based: Detects when overall transfer rate drops below threshold
- Automatically selects the appropriate method based on HTTP stack
  capabilities
- Gracefully integrates with the existing retry mechanism
- Fully configurable with sensible defaults:
  - 30s stall timeout (time with no progress before considering stalled)
  - 5s check interval (how often to check for stalls)
  - 1 byte/s minimum transfer rate

This is especially important for uploads over satellite links, cellular
networks, or other unreliable connections where TCP backoff can cause
indefinite stalls.

Author: m7kvqbe1

lib/options.ts

@@ -48,6 +48,16 @@ export type UploadInput =
   // available in React Native
   | ReactNativeFile
 
+/**
+ * Options for configuring stall detection behavior
+ */
+export interface StallDetectionOptions {
+  enabled: boolean
+  stallTimeout: number      // Time in ms before considering progress stalled
+  checkInterval: number     // How often to check for stalls
+  minimumBytesPerSecond: number // For stacks without progress events
+}
+
 export interface UploadOptions {
   endpoint?: string
 
@@ -84,6 +94,8 @@ export interface UploadOptions {
   httpStack: HttpStack
 
   protocol: typeof PROTOCOL_TUS_V1 | typeof PROTOCOL_IETF_DRAFT_03 | typeof PROTOCOL_IETF_DRAFT_05
+
+  stallDetection?: Partial<StallDetectionOptions>
 }
 
 export interface OnSuccessPayload {

lib/upload.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   type SliceType,
   type UploadInput,
   type UploadOptions,
+  type StallDetectionOptions,
 } from './options.js'
 import { uuid } from './uuid.js'
 
@@ -54,6 +55,8 @@ export const defaultOptions = {
   httpStack: undefined,
 
   protocol: PROTOCOL_TUS_V1 as UploadOptions['protocol'],
+
+  stallDetection: undefined,
 }
 
 export class BaseUpload {
@@ -109,6 +112,13 @@ export class BaseUpload {
   // upload options or HEAD response)
   private _uploadLengthDeferred: boolean
 
+  // Stall detection properties
+  private _lastProgress = 0
+  private _lastProgressTime = 0
+  private _uploadStartTime = 0
+  private _stallCheckInterval?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
+  private _hasProgressEvents = false
+
   constructor(file: UploadInput, options: UploadOptions) {
     // Warn about removed options from previous versions
     if ('resume' in options) {
@@ -127,6 +137,9 @@ export class BaseUpload {
     this._uploadLengthDeferred = this.options.uploadLengthDeferred
 
     this.file = file
+
+    // Initialize stall detection options
+    this.options.stallDetection = this._getStallDetectionDefaults(options.stallDetection)
   }
 
   async findPreviousUploads(): Promise<PreviousUpload[]> {
@@ -268,6 +281,9 @@ export class BaseUpload {
     } else {
       await this._startSingleUpload()
     }
+
+    // Setup stall detection
+    this._setupStallDetection()
   }
 
   /**
@@ -343,6 +359,10 @@ export class BaseUpload {
             if (totalSize == null) {
               throw new Error('tus: Expected totalSize to be set')
             }
+
+            // Update progress timestamp for the parallel upload to track stalls
+            upload._lastProgressTime = Date.now()
+
             this._emitProgress(totalProgress, totalSize)
           },
           // Wait until every partial upload has an upload URL, so we can add
@@ -463,6 +483,9 @@ export class BaseUpload {
     // Set the aborted flag before any `await`s, so no new requests are started.
     this._aborted = true
 
+    // Clear any stall detection
+    this._clearStallDetection()
+
     // Stop any parallel partial uploads, that have been started in _startParallelUploads.
     if (this._parallelUploads != null) {
       for (const upload of this._parallelUploads) {
@@ -557,6 +580,12 @@ export class BaseUpload {
    * @api private
    */
   private _emitProgress(bytesSent: number, bytesTotal: number | null): void {
+    // Update stall detection state if progress has been made
+    if (bytesSent > this._lastProgress) {
+      this._lastProgress = bytesSent
+      this._lastProgressTime = Date.now()
+    }
+
     if (typeof this.options.onProgress === 'function') {
       this.options.onProgress(bytesSent, bytesTotal)
     }
@@ -995,6 +1024,133 @@ export class BaseUpload {
   _sendRequest(req: HttpRequest, body?: SliceType): Promise<HttpResponse> {
     return sendRequest(req, body, this.options)
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Apply default stall detection options
+   */
+  private _getStallDetectionDefaults(
+    options?: Partial<StallDetectionOptions>
+  ): StallDetectionOptions {
+    return {
+      enabled: options?.enabled ?? true,
+      stallTimeout: options?.stallTimeout ?? 30000,
+      checkInterval: options?.checkInterval ?? 5000,
+      minimumBytesPerSecond: options?.minimumBytesPerSecond ?? 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if current HttpStack supports progress events
+   */
+  private _supportsProgressEvents(): boolean {
+    const httpStack = this.options.httpStack
+    // Check if getName method exists and if it returns one of our known stacks
+    return typeof httpStack.getName === 'function' &&
+           ["NodeHttpStack", "XHRHttpStack"].includes(httpStack.getName())
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if upload has stalled based on progress events
+   */
+  private _isProgressStalled(now: number): boolean {
+    const stallDetection = this.options.stallDetection
+    if (!stallDetection) return false
+
+    const timeSinceProgress = now - this._lastProgressTime
+    const stallTimeout = stallDetection.stallTimeout ?? 30000
+    const isStalled = timeSinceProgress > stallTimeout
+
+    if (isStalled) {
+      log(`No progress for ${timeSinceProgress}ms (limit: ${stallTimeout}ms)`)
+    }
+
+    return isStalled
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if upload has stalled based on transfer rate
+   */
+  private _isTransferRateStalled(now: number): boolean {
+    const stallDetection = this.options.stallDetection
+    if (!stallDetection) return false
+
+    const totalTime = Math.max((now - this._uploadStartTime) / 1000, 0.001) // in seconds, prevent division by zero
+    const bytesPerSecond = this._offset / totalTime
+
+    // Need grace period for initial connection setup (5 seconds)
+    const hasGracePeriodPassed = totalTime > 5
+    const minBytes = stallDetection.minimumBytesPerSecond ?? 1
+    const isStalled = hasGracePeriodPassed && bytesPerSecond < minBytes
+
+    if (isStalled) {
+      log(`Transfer rate too low: ${bytesPerSecond.toFixed(2)} bytes/sec (minimum: ${minBytes} bytes/sec)`)
+    }
+
+    return isStalled
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a detected stall by forcing a retry
+   */
+  private _handleStall(reason: string): void {
+    log(`Upload stalled: ${reason}`)
+
+    this._clearStallDetection()
+
+    // Just abort the current request, not the entire upload
+    // Each parallel upload instance has its own stall detection
+    if (this._req) {
+      this._req.abort()
+    }
+
+    // Force a retry via the error mechanism
+    this._retryOrEmitError(new Error(`Upload stalled: ${reason}`))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear stall detection timer if running
+   */
+  private _clearStallDetection(): void {
+    if (this._stallCheckInterval) {
+      clearInterval(this._stallCheckInterval)
+      this._stallCheckInterval = undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Setup stall detection monitoring
+   */
+  private _setupStallDetection(): void {
+    const stallDetection = this.options.stallDetection
+
+    // Early return if disabled or undefined
+    if (!stallDetection?.enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Initialize state
+    this._uploadStartTime = Date.now()
+    this._lastProgressTime = Date.now()
+    this._hasProgressEvents = this._supportsProgressEvents()
+    this._clearStallDetection()
+
+    // Setup periodic check with default interval of 5000ms if undefined
+    this._stallCheckInterval = setInterval(() => {
+      // Skip check if already aborted
+      if (this._aborted) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const now = Date.now()
+
+      // Different stall detection based on stack capabilities
+      if (this._hasProgressEvents && this._isProgressStalled(now)) {
+        this._handleStall("No progress events received")
+      } else if (!this._hasProgressEvents && this._isTransferRateStalled(now)) {
+        this._handleStall("Transfer rate too low")
+      }
+    }, stallDetection.checkInterval ?? 5000)
+  }
 }
 
 function encodeMetadata(metadata: Record<string, string>): string {

test/spec/browser-index.js

@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@ import './test-terminate.js'
 import './test-web-stream.js'
 import './test-binary-data.js'
 import './test-end-to-end.js'
+import './test-stall-detection.js'

test/spec/node-index.js

@@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ import './test-terminate.js'
 import './test-web-stream.js'
 import './test-binary-data.js'
 import './test-end-to-end.js'
+import './test-stall-detection.js'