api: extract datetime encode/decode from class

Extract tarantool.Datetime encode and decode to external functions. This
is a breaking change, but since there is no tagged release with Datetime
yet and API was more internal rather than public, it shouldn't be an
issue.

Follows #204

Author: DifferentialOrange

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -189,6 +189,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Update API documentation strings (#67).
 - Update documentation index, quick start and guide pages (#67).
 - Use git version to set package version (#238).
+- Extract tarantool.Datetime encode and decode to external
+  functions (PR #252).
 
 ### Fixed
 - Package build (#238).

tarantool/msgpack_ext/datetime.py

@@ -1,18 +1,83 @@
 """
 Tarantool `datetime`_ extension type support module.
 
-Refer to :mod:`~tarantool.msgpack_ext.types.datetime`.
+The datetime MessagePack representation looks like this:
 
-.. _datetime: https://www.tarantool.io/en/doc/latest/dev_guide/internals/msgpack_extensions/#the-datetime-type
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    +---------+----------------+==========+-----------------+
+    | MP_EXT  | MP_DATETIME    | seconds  | nsec; tzoffset; |
+    | = d7/d8 | = 4            |          | tzindex;        |
+    +---------+----------------+==========+-----------------+
+
+MessagePack data contains:
+
+* Seconds (8 bytes) as an unencoded 64-bit signed integer stored in the
+  little-endian order.
+* The optional fields (8 bytes), if any of them have a non-zero value.
+  The fields include nsec (4 bytes), tzoffset (2 bytes), and
+  tzindex (2 bytes) packed in the little-endian order.
+
+``seconds`` is seconds since Epoch, where the epoch is the point where
+the time starts, and is platform dependent. For Unix, the epoch is
+January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Tarantool uses a ``double`` type, see a
+structure definition in src/lib/core/datetime.h and reasons in
+`datetime RFC`_.
+
+``nsec`` is nanoseconds, fractional part of seconds. Tarantool uses
+``int32_t``, see a definition in src/lib/core/datetime.h.
+
+``tzoffset`` is timezone offset in minutes from UTC. Tarantool uses
+``int16_t`` type, see a structure definition in src/lib/core/datetime.h.
+
+``tzindex`` is Olson timezone id. Tarantool uses ``int16_t`` type, see
+a structure definition in src/lib/core/datetime.h. If both
+``tzoffset`` and ``tzindex`` are specified, ``tzindex`` has the
+preference and the ``tzoffset`` value is ignored.
+
+.. _datetime RFC: https://github.com/tarantool/tarantool/wiki/Datetime-internals#intervals-in-c
 """
 
-from tarantool.msgpack_ext.types.datetime import Datetime
+from tarantool.msgpack_ext.types.datetime import (
+    NSEC_IN_SEC,
+    SEC_IN_MIN,
+    Datetime,
+)
+import tarantool.msgpack_ext.types.timezones as tt_timezones
+
+from tarantool.error import MsgpackError
 
 EXT_ID = 4
 """
 `datetime`_ type id.
 """
 
+BYTEORDER = 'little'
+
+SECONDS_SIZE_BYTES  = 8
+NSEC_SIZE_BYTES     = 4
+TZOFFSET_SIZE_BYTES = 2
+TZINDEX_SIZE_BYTES  = 2
+
+
+def get_int_as_bytes(data, size):
+    """
+    Get binary representation of integer value.
+
+    :param data: Integer value.
+    :type data: :obj:`int`
+
+    :param size: Integer size, in bytes.
+    :type size: :obj:`int`
+
+    :return: Encoded integer.
+    :rtype: :obj:`bytes`
+
+    :meta private:
+    """
+
+    return data.to_bytes(size, byteorder=BYTEORDER, signed=True)
+
 def encode(obj):
     """
     Encode a datetime object.
@@ -26,7 +91,48 @@ def encode(obj):
     :raise: :exc:`tarantool.Datetime.msgpack_encode` exceptions
     """
 
-    return obj.msgpack_encode()
+    seconds = obj.value // NSEC_IN_SEC
+    nsec = obj.nsec
+    tzoffset = obj.tzoffset
+
+    tz = obj.tz
+    if tz != '':
+        tzindex = tt_timezones.timezoneToIndex[tz]
+    else:
+        tzindex = 0
+
+    buf = get_int_as_bytes(seconds, SECONDS_SIZE_BYTES)
+
+    if (nsec != 0) or (tzoffset != 0) or (tzindex != 0):
+        buf = buf + get_int_as_bytes(nsec, NSEC_SIZE_BYTES)
+        buf = buf + get_int_as_bytes(tzoffset, TZOFFSET_SIZE_BYTES)
+        buf = buf + get_int_as_bytes(tzindex, TZINDEX_SIZE_BYTES)
+
+    return buf
+
+
+def get_bytes_as_int(data, cursor, size):
+    """
+    Get integer value from binary data.
+
+    :param data: MessagePack binary data.
+    :type data: :obj:`bytes`
+
+    :param cursor: Index after last parsed byte.
+    :type cursor: :obj:`int`
+
+    :param size: Integer size, in bytes.
+    :type size: :obj:`int`
+
+    :return: First value: parsed integer, second value: new cursor
+        position.
+    :rtype: first value: :obj:`int`, second value: :obj:`int`
+
+    :meta private:
+    """
+
+    part = data[cursor:cursor + size]
+    return int.from_bytes(part, BYTEORDER, signed=True), cursor + size
 
 def decode(data):
     """
@@ -38,7 +144,35 @@ def decode(data):
     :return: Decoded datetime.
     :rtype: :class:`tarantool.Datetime`
 
-    :raise: :exc:`tarantool.Datetime` exceptions
+    :raise: :exc:`~tarantool.error.MsgpackError`,
+        :exc:`tarantool.Datetime` exceptions
     """
 
-    return Datetime(data)
+    cursor = 0
+    seconds, cursor = get_bytes_as_int(data, cursor, SECONDS_SIZE_BYTES)
+
+    data_len = len(data)
+    if data_len == (SECONDS_SIZE_BYTES + NSEC_SIZE_BYTES + \
+                    TZOFFSET_SIZE_BYTES + TZINDEX_SIZE_BYTES):
+        nsec, cursor     = get_bytes_as_int(data, cursor, NSEC_SIZE_BYTES)
+        tzoffset, cursor = get_bytes_as_int(data, cursor, TZOFFSET_SIZE_BYTES)
+        tzindex, cursor  = get_bytes_as_int(data, cursor, TZINDEX_SIZE_BYTES)
+    elif data_len == SECONDS_SIZE_BYTES:
+        nsec = 0
+        tzoffset = 0
+        tzindex = 0
+    else:
+        raise MsgpackError(f'Unexpected datetime payload length {data_len}')
+
+    if tzindex != 0:
+        if tzindex not in tt_timezones.indexToTimezone:
+            raise MsgpackError(f'Failed to decode datetime with unknown tzindex "{tzindex}"')
+        tz = tt_timezones.indexToTimezone[tzindex]
+        return Datetime(timestamp=seconds, nsec=nsec, tz=tz,
+                        timestamp_since_utc_epoch=True)
+    elif tzoffset != 0:
+        return Datetime(timestamp=seconds, nsec=nsec, tzoffset=tzoffset,
+                        timestamp_since_utc_epoch=True)
+    else:
+        return Datetime(timestamp=seconds, nsec=nsec,
+                        timestamp_since_utc_epoch=True)