Add @PointerBounds macro (#76969)

Add @PointerBounds macro

@PointerBounds is a macro intended to be applied by ClangImporter when
importing functions with pointer parameters from C headers. By
leveraging C attributes we can get insight into bounds, esapability, and
(eventually) lifetimes of pointers, allowing us to map them to safe(r)
and more ergonomic types than UnsafePointer.

This initial macro implementation supports CountedBy and Sizedby, but
not yet EndedBy. It can generate function overloads with and without an
explicit count parameter, as well as with UnsafeBufferPointer or Span
(if marked nonescaping), and any of their combinations. It supports
nullable/optional pointers, and both mutable and immutable pointers.
It supports arbitrary count expressions. These are passed to the macro
as a string literal since any parameters referred to in the count
expression will not have been declared yet when parsing the macro.

It does not support indirect pointers or inout parameters. It supports
functions with return values, but returned pointers can not be bounds
checked yet.

Bounds checked pointers must be of type Unsafe[Mutable]Pointer[?]<T>
or Unsafe[Mutable]RawPointer[?]. Count expressions must conform to
the BinaryInteger protocol, and have an initializer with signature
"init(exactly: Int) -> T?" (or be of type Int).

rdar://137628612

---------

Co-authored-by: Doug Gregor <dgregor@apple.com>

Author: hnrklssn

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -747,6 +747,10 @@ option(SWIFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_PARSER_VALIDATION
   "Enable experimental SwiftParser validation by default"
   FALSE)
 
+option(SWIFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_POINTER_BOUNDS
+  "Enable experimental safe wrappers around external functions"
+  FALSE)
+
 cmake_dependent_option(SWIFT_BUILD_SOURCEKIT
   "Build SourceKit" TRUE
   "SWIFT_ENABLE_DISPATCH" FALSE)
@@ -1399,6 +1403,7 @@ if(SWIFT_BUILD_STDLIB OR SWIFT_BUILD_SDK_OVERLAY)
   message(STATUS "Observation Support:                ${SWIFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_OBSERVATION}")
   message(STATUS "Synchronization Support:            ${SWIFT_ENABLE_SYNCHRONIZATION}")
   message(STATUS "Volatile Support:                   ${SWIFT_ENABLE_VOLATILE}")
+  message(STATUS "Pointer Bounds Support:             ${SWIFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_POINTER_BOUNDS}")
   message(STATUS "")
 else()
   message(STATUS "Not building Swift standard library, SDK overlays, and runtime")

lib/Macros/Sources/SwiftMacros/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ add_swift_macro_library(SwiftMacros
   DistributedResolvableMacro.swift
   SyntaxExtensions.swift
   TaskLocalMacro.swift
+  PointerBoundsMacro.swift
   SWIFT_DEPENDENCIES
     SwiftDiagnostics
     SwiftSyntax