Initial draft of simple non-Copyable protocols proposal

Author: airspeedswift

proposals/NNNN-make-stdlib-protocols-escapable.md

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+# Support ~Copyable, ~Escapable in simple standard library protocols
+
+* Proposal: [SE-NNNN](NNNN-make-stdlib-protocols-escapable.md)
+* Authors: [Ben Cohen](https://github.com/airspeedswift)
+* Review Manager: TBD
+* Status: **Awaiting Review** 
+* Implementation: [swiftlang/swift#85079](https://github.com/swiftlang/swift/pull/85079)
+
+## Introduction
+
+The following protocols will be marked as refining `~Copyable` and `~Escapable`:
+
+- `Equatable`, `Copyable`, and `Hashable`
+- `CustomStringConvertible` and `CustomDebugStringConvertible`
+- `TextOutputStream` and `TextOutputStreamable`
+
+`LosslessStringConvertible` will be marked as refining `~Copyable`.
+
+Additionally, `Optional` and `Result` will have their `Equatable` and `Hashable` conformances updated to support `~Copyable` and `~Escapable` elements.
+
+## Motivation
+
+Several standard library protocols have simple requirements not involving associated types or elaborate generic implementations.
+
+- `Equatable` and `Copyable` tend only to need to borrow the left- and right-hand side
+of their one essential operator in order to equate or compare values;
+- `Hashable` only needs operations to fold hash values produced by a borrowed value
+into a `Hasher`;
+- The various `String` producing or consuming operations only 
+need to borrow their operand to turn it into a string (as `CustomStringConvertible.description`
+does), or can create a non-copyable values (as `LosslessStringConvertible.init?` could).
+
+Use of these protocols is ubiquitous in Swift code, and this can be a major impediment to introducing
+non-`Copyable` types into a codebase. For example, it might be desirable to drop in a
+ [`UniqueArray`](https://swiftpackageindex.com/apple/swift-collections/1.3.0/documentation/basiccontainers/uniquearray)
+to replace an `Array` in some code where the copy-on-write checks are proving prohibitively expensive. But this
+cannot be done if that code is relying on that array type being `Hashable`.
+
+## Proposed solution
+
+The following signatures in the standard library will be changed. None of these
+changes effect the existing semantics, just allow them to be applied to non-copyable types.
+
+```
+protocol Equatable: ~Copyable, ~Escapable {
+  static func == (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+}
+
+extension Equatable where Self: ~Copyable & ~Escapable {
+  static func != (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+}
+
+protocol Comparable: Equatable, ~Copyable, ~Escapable {
+  static func < (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+  static func <= (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+  static func >= (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+  static func > (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+}
+
+extension Comparable where Self: ~Copyable & ~Escapable {
+  static func <= (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+  static func >= (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+  static func > (lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+}
+
+protocol Hashable: Equatable & ~Copyable & ~Escapable { }
+
+struct Hasher {
+  mutating func combine<H: Hashable & ~Copyable & ~Escapable>(_ value: borrowing H)
+}
+
+extension Optional: Equatable where Wrapped: Equatable & ~Copyable & ~Escapable { 
+  public static func ==(lhs: borrowing Wrapped?, rhs: borrowing Wrapped?) -> Bool {
+}
+
+extension Optional: Hashable where Wrapped: Hashable & ~Copyable & ~Escapable {
+  func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher)
+  var hashValue: Int
+}
+
+protocol LosslessStringConvertible: CustomStringConvertible, ~Copyable {
+
+protocol TextOutputStream: ~Copyable, ~Escapable { }
+
+extension TextOutputStream where Self: ~Copyable, ~Escapable { }
+
+protocol CustomStringConvertible: ~Copyable, ~Escapable { }
+
+protocol LosslessStringConvertible: CustomStringConvertible, ~Copyable { }
+
+extension Result: Equatable where Success: Equatable & ~Copyable, Failure: Equatable {
+  public static func ==(lhs: borrowing Self, rhs: borrowing Self) -> Bool
+}
+
+extension DefaultStringInterpolation
+  mutating func appendInterpolation<T>(
+    _ value: borrowing T
+  ) where T: TextOutputStreamable & ~Copyable & ~Escapable { }
+
+  mutating func appendInterpolation<T>(
+    _ value: borrowing T
+  ) where T: CustomStringConvertible & ~Copyable & ~Escapable { }
+}
+```
+
+`LosslessStringConvertible` explicitly does not conform to `~Escapable` since this
+would require a lifetime for the created value, something that requires
+further language features to express.
+
+Note that underscored protocol requirements and methods in extensions are omitted
+but will be updated as necessary.
+
+## Source compatibility
+
+The design of `~Copyable` and `~Escapable` explicitly allows for source compatibility with 
+retroactive adoption, as extensions that do not restate these restrictions assume compatability.
+So no clients of the standard library should need to alter their existing source except
+with the goal of extending it to work with more types.
+
+## ABI compatibility
+
+As with previous retroactive adoption, the existing pre-inverse-generics features used in the
+standard library will be applied to preserve the same symbols as existed before.
+
+The ABI implications of back deployment of these protocols is being investigated. It is hoped
+this can be made to work – if not, these new features may need to be gated under a minimum
+deployment target on ABI-stable platforms.
+
+## Future directions
+
+There are many other protocols that would benefit from this approach
+that are not included. 
+
+Most of these are due to the presence of associated types (for example, `RangeExpression.Bound`),
+which is not yet supported. Once that is a supported feature, these protocols can be
+similarly refined with a follow-on proposal.
+
+`Codable` and `Decodable` do not have associated types – but their implementation is heavily
+generic, may not generalize to noncopyable types, and is out of scope for this proposal.
+
+Now that these protocols support them, types such as `InlineArray` and `Span` could be made
+to conditionally conform to `Hashable`, as `Array` does. There is some debate to be had about
+the semantics of `Equatable` conformance for `Span` (though probably not for `InlineArray`),
+and this should be the subject of a future proposal.
+
+Allowing more types to be `Custom*StringConvertible where Self: ~Copyable & ~Escapable`, such as
+`Optional`, requires further work on the `print` infrastructure to be able to hand such types,
+so is out of scope for this proposal.
+
+## Alternatives considered
+
+It can be argued that non-`Copyable` types have identity, and therefore should not be `Equatable`
+in the current sense of the protocol. In particular:
+
+> Equality implies substitutability---any two instances that compare equally
+> can be used interchangeably in any code that depends on their values. 
+
+One might say that a noncopyable string type (one that does not require reference counting
+or copy-on-write-checking overhead) should not be considered "substitutable" for another.
+
+However, the definition also states:
+
+> **Equality is Separate From Identity.** The identity of a class instance is not part of an
+> instance's value.
+
+Authors of non-`Copyable` types will need to decide for themselves whether their type should
+be `Equatable` and what it means. The standard library should allow it to be possible, though.
+
+