Rollup merge of rust-lang#95483 - golddranks:improve_float_docs, r=joshtriplett

Improve floating point documentation

This is my attempt to improve/solve rust-lang#95468 and rust-lang#73328 .

Added/refined explanations:
- Refine the "NaN as a special value" top level explanation of f32
- Refine `const NAN` docstring: add an explanation about there being multitude of NaN bitpatterns and disclaimer about the portability/stability guarantees.
- Refine `fn is_sign_positive` and `fn is_sign_negative` docstrings: add disclaimer about the sign bit of NaNs.
- Refine `fn min` and `fn max` docstrings: explain the semantics and their relationship to the standard and libm better.
- Refine `fn trunc` docstrings: explain the semantics slightly more.
- Refine `fn powi` docstrings: add disclaimer that the rounding behaviour might be different from `powf`.
- Refine `fn copysign` docstrings: add disclaimer about payloads of NaNs.
- Refine `minimum` and `maximum`: add disclaimer that "propagating NaN" doesn't mean that propagating the NaN bit patterns is guaranteed.
- Refine `max` and `min` docstrings: add "ignoring NaN" to bring the one-row explanation to parity with `minimum` and `maximum`.

Cosmetic changes:
- Reword `NaN` and `NAN` as plain "NaN", unless they refer to the specific `const NAN`.
- Reword "a number" to `self` in function docstrings to clarify.
- Remove "Returns NAN if the number is NAN" from `abs`, as this is told to be the default behavior in the top explanation.

Author: matthiaskrgr

library/core/src/num/f32.rs

@@ -393,6 +393,15 @@ impl f32 {
     pub const MAX_10_EXP: i32 = 38;
 
     /// Not a Number (NaN).
+    ///
+    /// Note that IEEE-745 doesn't define just a single NaN value;
+    /// a plethora of bit patterns are considered to be NaN.
+    /// Furthermore, the standard makes a difference
+    /// between a "signaling" and a "quiet" NaN,
+    /// and allows inspecting its "payload" (the unspecified bits in the bit pattern).
+    /// This constant isn't guaranteed to equal to any specific NaN bitpattern,
+    /// and the stability of its representation over Rust versions
+    /// and target platforms isn't guaranteed.
     #[stable(feature = "assoc_int_consts", since = "1.43.0")]
     pub const NAN: f32 = 0.0_f32 / 0.0_f32;
     /// Infinity (∞).
@@ -402,7 +411,7 @@ impl f32 {
     #[stable(feature = "assoc_int_consts", since = "1.43.0")]
     pub const NEG_INFINITY: f32 = -1.0_f32 / 0.0_f32;
 
-    /// Returns `true` if this value is `NaN`.
+    /// Returns `true` if this value is NaN.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let nan = f32::NAN;
@@ -455,7 +464,7 @@ impl f32 {
         (self == f32::INFINITY) | (self == f32::NEG_INFINITY)
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if this number is neither infinite nor `NaN`.
+    /// Returns `true` if this number is neither infinite nor NaN.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let f = 7.0f32;
@@ -506,7 +515,7 @@ impl f32 {
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the number is neither zero, infinite,
-    /// [subnormal], or `NaN`.
+    /// [subnormal], or NaN.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let min = f32::MIN_POSITIVE; // 1.17549435e-38f32
@@ -622,8 +631,12 @@ impl f32 {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if `self` has a positive sign, including `+0.0`, `NaN`s with
-    /// positive sign bit and positive infinity.
+    /// Returns `true` if `self` has a positive sign, including `+0.0`, NaNs with
+    /// positive sign bit and positive infinity. Note that IEEE-745 doesn't assign any
+    /// meaning to the sign bit in case of a NaN, and as Rust doesn't guarantee that
+    /// the bit pattern of NaNs are conserved over arithmetic operations, the result of
+    /// `is_sign_positive` on a NaN might produce an unexpected result in some cases.
+    /// See [explanation of NaN as a special value](f32) for more info.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let f = 7.0_f32;
@@ -640,8 +653,12 @@ impl f32 {
         !self.is_sign_negative()
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if `self` has a negative sign, including `-0.0`, `NaN`s with
-    /// negative sign bit and negative infinity.
+    /// Returns `true` if `self` has a negative sign, including `-0.0`, NaNs with
+    /// negative sign bit and negative infinity. Note that IEEE-745 doesn't assign any
+    /// meaning to the sign bit in case of a NaN, and as Rust doesn't guarantee that
+    /// the bit pattern of NaNs are conserved over arithmetic operations, the result of
+    /// `is_sign_negative` on a NaN might produce an unexpected result in some cases.
+    /// See [explanation of NaN as a special value](f32) for more info.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let f = 7.0f32;
@@ -713,47 +730,47 @@ impl f32 {
         self * (value / 180.0f32)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers.
+    /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers, ignoring NaN.
     ///
-    /// Follows the IEEE-754 2008 semantics for maxNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs.
-    /// This matches the behavior of libm’s fmax.
+    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
+    /// This follows the IEEE-754 2008 semantics for maxNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs;
+    /// this function handles all NaNs the same way and avoids maxNum's problems with associativity.
+    /// This also matches the behavior of libm’s fmax.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let x = 1.0f32;
     /// let y = 2.0f32;
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(x.max(y), y);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
     #[must_use = "this returns the result of the comparison, without modifying either input"]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn max(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
         intrinsics::maxnumf32(self, other)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers.
+    /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers, ignoring NaN.
     ///
-    /// Follows the IEEE-754 2008 semantics for minNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs.
-    /// This matches the behavior of libm’s fmin.
+    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
+    /// This follows the IEEE-754 2008 semantics for minNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs;
+    /// this function handles all NaNs the same way and avoids minNum's problems with associativity.
+    /// This also matches the behavior of libm’s fmin.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// let x = 1.0f32;
     /// let y = 2.0f32;
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(x.min(y), x);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
     #[must_use = "this returns the result of the comparison, without modifying either input"]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn min(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
         intrinsics::minnumf32(self, other)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers, propagating NaNs.
+    /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers, propagating NaN.
     ///
     /// This returns NaN when *either* argument is NaN, as opposed to
     /// [`f32::max`] which only returns NaN when *both* arguments are NaN.
@@ -770,6 +787,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then NaN is returned. Otherwise this returns the greater
     /// of the two numbers. For this operation, -0.0 is considered to be less than +0.0.
     /// Note that this follows the semantics specified in IEEE 754-2019.
+    ///
+    /// Also note that "propagation" of NaNs here doesn't necessarily mean that the bitpattern of a NaN
+    /// operand is conserved; see [explanation of NaN as a special value](f32) for more info.
     #[must_use = "this returns the result of the comparison, without modifying either input"]
     #[unstable(feature = "float_minimum_maximum", issue = "91079")]
     #[inline]
@@ -785,7 +805,7 @@ impl f32 {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers, propagating NaNs.
+    /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers, propagating NaN.
     ///
     /// This returns NaN when *either* argument is NaN, as opposed to
     /// [`f32::min`] which only returns NaN when *both* arguments are NaN.
@@ -802,6 +822,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then NaN is returned. Otherwise this returns the lesser
     /// of the two numbers. For this operation, -0.0 is considered to be less than +0.0.
     /// Note that this follows the semantics specified in IEEE 754-2019.
+    ///
+    /// Also note that "propagation" of NaNs here doesn't necessarily mean that the bitpattern of a NaN
+    /// operand is conserved; see [explanation of NaN as a special value](f32) for more info.
     #[must_use = "this returns the result of the comparison, without modifying either input"]
     #[unstable(feature = "float_minimum_maximum", issue = "91079")]
     #[inline]
@@ -1009,6 +1032,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// Return the memory representation of this floating point number as a byte array in
     /// big-endian (network) byte order.
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1027,6 +1053,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// Return the memory representation of this floating point number as a byte array in
     /// little-endian byte order.
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1051,6 +1080,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// [`to_be_bytes`]: f32::to_be_bytes
     /// [`to_le_bytes`]: f32::to_le_bytes
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1075,6 +1107,9 @@ impl f32 {
 
     /// Create a floating point value from its representation as a byte array in big endian.
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1091,6 +1126,9 @@ impl f32 {
 
     /// Create a floating point value from its representation as a byte array in little endian.
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1114,6 +1152,9 @@ impl f32 {
     /// [`from_be_bytes`]: f32::from_be_bytes
     /// [`from_le_bytes`]: f32::from_le_bytes
     ///
+    /// See [`from_bits`](Self::from_bits) for some discussion of the
+    /// portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```