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docs/guides/virtualization/cloud-init/04_advanced_provisioning.md

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title: 4. Advanced provisioning
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author: Wale Soyinka
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contributors: Steven Spencer
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contributors: Steven Spencer, Ganna Zhyrnova
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tags:
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- cloud-init
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- rocky linux
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## Networking and multi-part payloads
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In the previous chapter, you mastered the core `cloud-init` modules for managing users, packages, and files. You can now build a well-configured server declaratively. Now, it is time to explore more advanced techniques that give you even greater control over your instance's configuration.
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In the previous chapter, you mastered the core `cloud-init` modules for managing users, packages, and files. You can now build a well-configured server declaratively. Now is the time to explore more advanced techniques that give you even greater control over your instance's configuration.
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This chapter covers two powerful, advanced topics:
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By default, the configuration of most cloud images is to acquire an IP address by DHCP. While convenient, many production environments require servers to have predictable, static IP addresses. The `cloud-init` network configuration system provides a platform-agnostic, declarative way to manage this.
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The specification of the network configurations is in a separate YAML document from your main `#cloud-config`. `cloud-init` processes both from the same file, using the standard YAML document separator (`---`) to distinguish between them.
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The network configuration is specified in a separate YAML document from your main `#cloud-config`. `cloud-init` processes both from the same file, using the standard YAML document separator (`---`) to distinguish between them.
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!!! note "How `cloud-init` applies network state"
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### Example 2: Multi-interface configuration
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A common real-world scenario is a server with multiple network interfaces. Here, we will create a VM with two interfaces: `eth0` will use DHCP, and `eth1` will have a static IP.
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A typical real-world scenario is a server with multiple network interfaces. Here, we will create a VM with two interfaces: `eth0` will use DHCP, and `eth1` will have a static IP.
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1. **Create `user-data.yml` for two interfaces:**
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## 2. Unifying payloads with multi-part MIME
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Sometimes, you need to run a setup script *before* the main `#cloud-config` modules execute. MIME multi-part files are the solution, allowing you to bundle different content types into one ordered payload.
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Sometimes, you need to run a setup script *before* the main `#cloud-config` modules execute. MIME multipart files are the solution, allowing you to bundle different content types into a single ordered payload.
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You can visualize the structure of a MIME file as follows:
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!!! note "About the MIME boundary"
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The boundary string (`//` in this case) is an arbitrary string that must not appear in the content of any part. It is used to separate the different sections of the file.
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The boundary string (`//` in this case) is an arbitrary string that must not appear in the content of any part. It is used to separate the file's sections.
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2. **Boot and verify:**
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!!! tip "Other Multi-Part Content Types"
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`cloud-init` supports other content types for advanced use cases, such as `text/cloud-boothook` for very early boot scripts or `text/part-handler` for running custom Python code. Refer to the official documentation for more details.
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`cloud-init` supports other content types for advanced use cases, such as `text/cloud-boothook` for very early boot scripts or `text/part-handler` for running custom Python code. Please refer to the official documentation for more details.
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## What's next
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You have now learned two powerful, advanced `cloud-init` techniques. You can now define static networks and orchestrate complex provisioning workflows with multi-part user-data.
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You have now learned two powerful, advanced `cloud-init` techniques. You can now define static networks and orchestrate complex provisioning workflows with multi-part user data.
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In the next chapter, we will shift our perspective from *consuming* `cloud-init` on a per-instance basis to *customizing its default behavior* for creating your own pre-configured "golden images".

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