BUG: Fix bug with DataFrame.pivot and .set_index not compatible with pyarrow dictionary categoricals

Relates to pandas-dev#53051

Code for fix taken and adapted from pandas-dev#59099

Author: robin-mader-bis

pandas/core/arrays/categorical.py

@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ def __init__(
                 if isinstance(values, Index):
                     arr = values._data._pa_array.combine_chunks()
                 else:
-                    arr = values._pa_array.combine_chunks()
+                    arr = extract_array(values)._pa_array.combine_chunks()
                 categories = arr.dictionary.to_pandas(types_mapper=ArrowDtype)
                 codes = arr.indices.to_numpy()
                 dtype = CategoricalDtype(categories, values.dtype.pyarrow_dtype.ordered)