Factor out readable function signatures to avoid duplication (#5857)

* Centralize readable function signatures to avoid duplication

This seems to reduce size costs of adding enum_-specific implementations of dunder methods, but also should provide a nice to have size optimization for programs that use pybind11 in general.

* gate disabling of -Wdeprecated-redundant-constexpr-static-def to clang 17+

* fix gating to include Apple Clang 15

* Make GCC happy with types

* fix apple clang gating again. suppress -Wdeprecated for GCC

* Gate warning suppressions to C++17. Suppress -Wdeprecated for clang as well.

* hopefully fix last straggler CI job

* attempt to address readability review feedback from @rwgk

* drop warning suppressions and instead just gate compilation the pre-C++17 compat code

Author: swolchok

include/pybind11/pybind11.h

@@ -248,6 +248,49 @@ inline std::string generate_type_signature() {
 #    define PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP strdup
 #endif
 
+#define PYBIND11_READABLE_FUNCTION_SIGNATURE_EXPR                                                 \
+    detail::const_name("(") + cast_in::arg_names + detail::const_name(") -> ") + cast_out::name
+
+// We factor out readable function signatures to a specific template
+// so that they don't get duplicated across different instantiations of
+// cpp_function::initialize (which is templated on more types).
+template <typename cast_in, typename cast_out>
+class ReadableFunctionSignature {
+public:
+    using sig_type = decltype(PYBIND11_READABLE_FUNCTION_SIGNATURE_EXPR);
+
+private:
+    // We have to repeat PYBIND11_READABLE_FUNCTION_SIGNATURE_EXPR in decltype()
+    // because C++11 doesn't allow functions to return `auto`. (We don't
+    // know the type because it's some variant of detail::descr<N> with
+    // unknown N.)
+    static constexpr sig_type sig() { return PYBIND11_READABLE_FUNCTION_SIGNATURE_EXPR; }
+
+public:
+    static constexpr sig_type kSig = sig();
+    // We can only stash the result of detail::descr::types() in a
+    // constexpr variable if we aren't on MSVC (see
+    // PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR).
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+    using types_type = decltype(sig_type::types());
+    static constexpr types_type kTypes = sig_type::types();
+#endif
+};
+#undef PYBIND11_READABLE_FUNCTION_SIGNATURE_EXPR
+
+// Prior to C++17, we don't have inline variables, so we have to
+// provide an out-of-line definition of the class member.
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
+template <typename cast_in, typename cast_out>
+constexpr typename ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::sig_type
+    ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::kSig;
+#    if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+template <typename cast_in, typename cast_out>
+constexpr typename ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::types_type
+    ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::kTypes;
+#    endif
+#endif
+
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 /// Wraps an arbitrary C++ function/method/lambda function/.. into a callable Python object
@@ -481,9 +524,14 @@ class cpp_function : public function {
 
         /* Generate a readable signature describing the function's arguments and return
            value types */
-        static constexpr auto signature
-            = const_name("(") + cast_in::arg_names + const_name(") -> ") + cast_out::name;
-        PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR auto types = decltype(signature)::types();
+        static constexpr const auto &signature
+            = detail::ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::kSig;
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+        static constexpr const auto &types
+            = detail::ReadableFunctionSignature<cast_in, cast_out>::kTypes;
+#else
+        PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR auto types = std::decay<decltype(signature)>::type::types();
+#endif
 
         /* Register the function with Python from generic (non-templated) code */
         // Pass on the ownership over the `unique_rec` to `initialize_generic`. `rec` stays valid.