Auto merge of rust-lang#10653 - flip1995:book-type_passes_corrections, r=llogiq

Book: Improve type checking and lint passes chapters

- Adds the lint passes chapter to the index.
- Moves additional reading material for beginners to the front page of the development section.
- Clarify some details in `hir::Ty` vs `ty::Ty`.

`@blyxyas` I started reviewing the chapters that were already merged. Great work. I liked the additional reading chapter so much, that I moved it front and center. Other than that I only had some minor corrections to make. Please review.

r? `@llogiq`

changelog: none

Author: bors

book/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 - [Development](development/README.md)
     - [Basics](development/basics.md)
     - [Adding Lints](development/adding_lints.md)
+    - [Lint Passes](development/lint_passes.md)
     - [Type Checking](development/type_checking.md)
     - [Common Tools](development/common_tools_writing_lints.md)
     - [Infrastructure](development/infrastructure/README.md)

book/src/development/README.md

@@ -13,6 +13,24 @@ If this is your first time contributing to Clippy, you should first read the
 [Basics docs](basics.md). This will explain the basics on how to get the source
 code and how to compile and test the code.
 
+## Additional Readings for Beginners
+
+If a dear reader of this documentation has never taken a class on compilers
+and interpreters, it might be confusing as to why AST level deals with only
+the language's syntax. And some readers might not even understand what lexing,
+parsing, and AST mean.
+
+This documentation serves by no means as a crash course on compilers or language design.
+And for details specifically related to Rust, the [Rustc Development Guide][rustc_dev_guide]
+is a far better choice to peruse.
+
+The [Syntax and AST][ast] chapter and the [High-Level IR][hir] chapter are
+great introduction to the concepts mentioned in this chapter.
+
+Some readers might also find the [introductory chapter][map_of_territory] of
+Robert Nystrom's _Crafting Interpreters_ a helpful overview of compiled and
+interpreted languages before jumping back to the Rustc guide.
+
 ## Writing code
 
 If you have done the basic setup, it's time to start hacking.
@@ -37,6 +55,10 @@ book](../lints.md).
 > - Triage procedure
 > - Bors and Homu
 
+[ast]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/syntax-intro.html
+[hir]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/hir.html
+[rustc_dev_guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/
+[map_of_territory]: https://craftinginterpreters.com/a-map-of-the-territory.html
 [clippy_rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2476-clippy-uno.md
 [rfc_stability]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2476-clippy-uno.md#stability-guarantees
 [rfc_lint_cats]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2476-clippy-uno.md#lint-audit-and-categories

book/src/development/lint_passes.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Lint passes
 
 Before working on the logic of a new lint, there is an important decision
-that every Clippy developers must make: to use
+that every Clippy developer must make: to use
 [`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass] or [`LateLintPass`][late_lint_pass].
 
 In short, the `LateLintPass` has access to type and symbol information while the
@@ -107,30 +107,8 @@ that use `LateLintPass`:
 $ cargo dev new_lint --name=<your_new_lint> --pass=late --category=<your_category_choice>
 ```
 
-## Additional Readings for Beginners
-
-If a dear reader of this documentation has never taken a class on compilers
-and interpreters, it might be confusing as to why AST level deals with only
-the language's syntax. And some readers might not even understand what lexing,
-parsing, and AST mean.
-
-This documentation serves by no means as a crash course on compilers or language design.
-And for details specifically related to Rust, the [Rustc Development Guide][rustc_dev_guide]
-is a far better choice to peruse.
-
-The [Syntax and AST][ast] chapter and the [High-Level IR][hir] chapter are
-great introduction to the concepts mentioned in this chapter.
-
-Some readers might also find the [introductory chapter][map_of_territory] of
-Robert Nystrom's _Crafting Interpreters_ a helpful overview of compiled and
-interpreted languages before jumping back to the Rustc guide.
-
-[ast]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/syntax-intro.html
 [early_context]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/context/struct.EarlyContext.html
 [early_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.EarlyLintPass.html
-[hir]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/hir.html
 [late_context]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/context/struct.LateContext.html
 [late_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.LateLintPass.html
 [lexing_and_parsing]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/overview.html#lexing-and-parsing
-[rustc_dev_guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/
-[map_of_territory]: https://craftinginterpreters.com/a-map-of-the-territory.html

book/src/development/type_checking.md

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
     fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
         // Get type of `expr`
         let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
-        
+
         // Check if the `Ty` of this expression is of character type
         if ty.is_char() {
             println!("Our expression is a char!");
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ pub fn is_char(self) -> bool {
 }
 ```
 
-Indeed, we just discovered `Ty`'s [`kind` method][kind], which provides us
+Indeed, we just discovered `Ty`'s [`kind()` method][kind], which provides us
 with [`TyKind`][TyKind] of a `Ty`.
 
 ## `TyKind`
 
 `TyKind` defines the kinds of types in Rust's type system.
 Peeking into [`TyKind` documentation][TyKind], we will see that it is an
-enum of 27 variants, including items such as `Bool`, `Int`, `Ref`, etc.
+enum of over 25 variants, including items such as `Bool`, `Int`, `Ref`, etc.
 
 ### `kind` Usage
 
-The `TyKind` of `Ty` can be returned by calling [`Ty.kind` method][kind].
+The `TyKind` of `Ty` can be returned by calling [`Ty.kind()` method][kind].
 We often use this method to perform pattern matching in Clippy.
 
 For instance, if we want to check for a `struct`, we could examine if the
@@ -107,15 +107,21 @@ impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
 We've been talking about [`ty::Ty`][middle_ty] this whole time without addressing [`hir::Ty`][hir_ty], but the latter
 is also important to understand.
 
-`hir::Ty` would represent *what* an user wrote, while `ty::Ty` would understand the meaning of it (because it has more
-information).
+`hir::Ty` would represent *what* the user wrote, while `ty::Ty` is how the compiler sees the type and has more
+information. Example:
 
-**Example: `fn foo(x: u32) -> u32 { x }`**
+```rust
+fn foo(x: u32) -> u32 { x }
+```
 
 Here the HIR sees the types without "thinking" about them, it knows that the function takes an `u32` and returns
-an `u32`. But at the `ty::Ty` level the compiler understands that they're the same type, in-depth lifetimes, etc...
+an `u32`. As far as `hir::Ty` is concerned those might be different types. But at the `ty::Ty` level the compiler
+understands that they're the same type, in-depth lifetimes, etc...
+
+To get from a `hir::Ty` to a `ty::Ty`, you can use the [`hir_ty_to_ty`][hir_ty_to_ty] function outside of bodies or
+outside of bodies the [`TypeckResults::node_type()`][node_type] method.
 
-you can use the [`hir_ty_to_ty`][hir_ty_to_ty] function to convert from a `hir::Ty` to a `ty::Ty`
+> **Warning**: Don't use `hir_ty_to_ty` inside of bodies, because this can cause ICEs.
 
 ## Useful Links
 
@@ -130,6 +136,7 @@ in this chapter:
 [Adt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.TyKind.html#variant.Adt
 [AdtDef]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/adt/struct.AdtDef.html
 [expr_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.expr_ty
+[node_type]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.node_type
 [is_char]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.Ty.html#method.is_char
 [is_char_source]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/src/rustc_middle/ty/sty.rs.html#1831-1834
 [kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.Ty.html#method.kind