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+---
+title: P2P wire messages
+description:
+  Complete reference of all messages sent over the wire in the P2P layer
+sidebar_position: 10
+---
+
+# P2P wire messages
+
+This page provides a complete reference of all messages sent over the wire in
+Mina's P2P layer. The P2P layer uses a dual-transport architecture supporting
+both libp2p and WebRTC, with messages organized into logical channels.
+
+## Architecture overview
+
+Messages are organized in three layers:
+
+1. **Channel layer** - High-level message types organized by function (8
+   channels)
+2. **Network layer** - Low-level protocol implementation (RPC, Kademlia, Pubsub,
+   Identify)
+3. **Wire format** - Binary serialization using BinProt
+
+## Channel messages
+
+The main message container is
+[`ChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/mod.rs#L129-L199),
+which routes all high-level wire messages to their respective channels:
+
+```rust
+pub enum ChannelMsg {
+    SignalingDiscovery(SignalingDiscoveryChannelMsg),
+    SignalingExchange(SignalingExchangeChannelMsg),
+    BestTipPropagation(BestTipPropagationChannelMsg),
+    TransactionPropagation(TransactionPropagationChannelMsg),
+    SnarkPropagation(SnarkPropagationChannelMsg),
+    SnarkJobCommitmentPropagation(SnarkJobCommitmentPropagationChannelMsg),
+    Rpc(RpcChannelMsg),
+    StreamingRpc(StreamingRpcChannelMsg),
+}
+```
+
+### Channel identifiers
+
+Each channel has a numeric identifier defined in
+[`ChannelId`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/mod.rs#L35-L107):
+
+| Channel ID | Name                          | Transport | Max size |
+| ---------- | ----------------------------- | --------- | -------- |
+| 1          | SignalingDiscovery            | WebRTC    | 16 KB    |
+| 2          | SignalingExchange             | WebRTC    | 16 KB    |
+| 3          | BestTipPropagation            | Both      | 32 MB    |
+| 4          | TransactionPropagation        | Both      | 1 KB     |
+| 5          | SnarkPropagation              | Both      | 1 KB     |
+| 6          | SnarkJobCommitmentPropagation | WebRTC    | 2 KB     |
+| 7          | Rpc                           | Both      | 256 MB   |
+| 8          | StreamingRpc                  | WebRTC    | 16 MB    |
+
+## Channel message types
+
+### Signaling discovery
+
+**Purpose:** WebRTC peer discovery and signaling through a relay peer.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`SignalingDiscoveryChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/signaling/discovery/mod.rs#L17-L33)
+
+```rust
+pub enum SignalingDiscoveryChannelMsg {
+    GetNext,
+    Discover,
+    Discovered { target_public_key: PublicKey },
+    DiscoveredReject,
+    DiscoveredAccept(EncryptedOffer),
+    Answer(Option<EncryptedAnswer>),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request next queued signaling message
+- **`Discover`** - Request to be discovered by other peers
+- **`Discovered`** - Notification that a peer wants to connect
+- **`DiscoveredReject`** - Reject the connection offer
+- **`DiscoveredAccept`** - Accept connection with encrypted WebRTC offer
+- **`Answer`** - WebRTC answer to complete connection setup
+
+### Signaling exchange
+
+**Purpose:** Direct WebRTC signaling message exchange between peers.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`SignalingExchangeChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/signaling/exchange/mod.rs#L17-L28)
+
+```rust
+pub enum SignalingExchangeChannelMsg {
+    GetNext,
+    OfferToYou {
+        offerer_pub_key: PublicKey,
+        offer: EncryptedOffer,
+    },
+    Answer(Option<EncryptedAnswer>),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request next queued signaling message
+- **`OfferToYou`** - WebRTC offer from another peer
+- **`Answer`** - WebRTC answer to complete connection
+
+### Best tip propagation
+
+**Purpose:** Propagation of the best known block (tip) in the blockchain.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`BestTipPropagationChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/best_tip/mod.rs#L13-L18)
+
+```rust
+pub enum BestTipPropagationChannelMsg {
+    GetNext,
+    BestTip(ArcBlock),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request next best tip update
+- **`BestTip`** - New best tip block
+
+### Transaction propagation
+
+**Purpose:** Propagation of pending transactions with flow control.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`TransactionPropagationChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/transaction/mod.rs#L13-L29)
+
+```rust
+pub enum TransactionPropagationChannelMsg {
+    GetNext { limit: u8 },
+    WillSend { count: u8 },
+    Transaction(TransactionInfo),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request up to `limit` transactions
+- **`WillSend`** - Promise to send `count` transactions
+- **`Transaction`** - Individual transaction data
+
+**Flow:** Request → Promise → Deliver pattern for backpressure control.
+
+### Snark propagation
+
+**Purpose:** Propagation of SNARK proofs with flow control.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`SnarkPropagationChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/snark/mod.rs#L13-L29)
+
+```rust
+pub enum SnarkPropagationChannelMsg {
+    GetNext { limit: u8 },
+    WillSend { count: u8 },
+    Snark(SnarkInfo),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request up to `limit` snarks
+- **`WillSend`** - Promise to send `count` snarks
+- **`Snark`** - Individual SNARK proof data
+
+**Flow:** Request → Promise → Deliver pattern for backpressure control.
+
+### Snark job commitment propagation
+
+**Purpose:** SNARK worker commitment to produce proofs.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`SnarkJobCommitmentPropagationChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/snark_job_commitment/mod.rs#L13-L29)
+
+```rust
+pub enum SnarkJobCommitmentPropagationChannelMsg {
+    GetNext { limit: u8 },
+    WillSend { count: u8 },
+    Commitment(SnarkJobCommitment),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`GetNext`** - Request up to `limit` commitments
+- **`WillSend`** - Promise to send `count` commitments
+- **`Commitment`** - SNARK job commitment
+
+**Flow:** Request → Promise → Deliver pattern for backpressure control.
+
+### RPC
+
+**Purpose:** Request-response communication for data retrieval.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`RpcChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/rpc/mod.rs#L33-L211)
+
+```rust
+pub enum RpcChannelMsg {
+    Request(P2pRpcId, P2pRpcRequest),
+    Response(P2pRpcId, Option<P2pRpcResponse>),
+}
+```
+
+**RPC request types:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum P2pRpcRequest {
+    BestTipWithProof,
+    LedgerQuery(LedgerHash, MinaLedgerSyncLedgerQueryStableV1),
+    StagedLedgerAuxAndPendingCoinbasesAtBlock(StateHash),
+    Block(StateHash),
+    Snark(SnarkJobId),
+    Transaction(TransactionHash),
+    InitialPeers,
+}
+```
+
+**RPC response types:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum P2pRpcResponse {
+    BestTipWithProof(BestTipWithProof),
+    LedgerQuery(MinaLedgerSyncLedgerAnswerStableV2),
+    StagedLedgerAuxAndPendingCoinbasesAtBlock(Arc<StagedLedgerAuxAndPendingCoinbases>),
+    Block(ArcBlock),
+    Snark(Snark),
+    Transaction(Transaction),
+    InitialPeers(List<P2pConnectionOutgoingInitOpts>),
+}
+```
+
+**Request types:**
+
+- **`BestTipWithProof`** - Request best tip with consensus proof
+- **`LedgerQuery`** - Query ledger state for sync
+- **`StagedLedgerAuxAndPendingCoinbasesAtBlock`** - Request staged ledger data
+- **`Block`** - Request specific block by state hash
+- **`Snark`** - Request specific SNARK by job ID
+- **`Transaction`** - Request specific transaction by hash
+- **`InitialPeers`** - Request list of peers for bootstrapping
+
+### Streaming RPC
+
+**Purpose:** Streaming request-response for large data transfers.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`StreamingRpcChannelMsg`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/streaming_rpc/mod.rs#L17-L33)
+
+```rust
+pub enum StreamingRpcChannelMsg {
+    Next(P2pStreamingRpcId),
+    Request(P2pStreamingRpcId, P2pStreamingRpcRequest),
+    Response(P2pStreamingRpcId, Option<P2pStreamingRpcResponse>),
+}
+```
+
+**Streaming RPC types:**
+[`P2pStreamingRpcRequest`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/channels/streaming_rpc/rpcs/mod.rs#L16-L34)
+
+```rust
+pub enum P2pStreamingRpcRequest {
+    StagedLedgerParts(StateHash),
+}
+
+pub enum P2pStreamingRpcResponse {
+    StagedLedgerParts(StagedLedgerPartsResponse),
+}
+```
+
+**Staged ledger parts responses:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum StagedLedgerPartsResponse {
+    Base(StagedLedgerPartsBase),
+    ScanStateBase(ScanStateBase),
+    PreviousIncompleteZkappUpdates(PreviousIncompleteZkappUpdates),
+    ScanStateTree(ScanStateTree),
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`Next`** - Request next chunk in stream
+- **`Request`** - Initiate streaming RPC
+- **`Response`** - Stream response chunk
+
+**Request types:**
+
+- **`StagedLedgerParts`** - Stream staged ledger parts in chunks
+
+## Network layer messages
+
+### Network RPC protocol
+
+**Purpose:** Low-level RPC protocol messages for libp2p RPC behavior.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`RpcMessage`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/network/rpc/p2p_network_rpc_state.rs#L64-L70)
+
+```rust
+pub enum RpcMessage {
+    Handshake,
+    Heartbeat,
+    Query { header: QueryHeader, bytes: Data },
+    Response { header: ResponseHeader, bytes: Data },
+}
+```
+
+**Messages:**
+
+- **`Handshake`** - Establish RPC connection
+- **`Heartbeat`** - Keep-alive message
+- **`Query`** - RPC query with header and data
+- **`Response`** - RPC response with header and data
+
+### Kademlia (DHT)
+
+**Purpose:** Distributed hash table for peer discovery and routing.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`Message`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/network/kad/p2p_network_kad_message.rs)
+
+**Message types:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum MessageType {
+    PUT_VALUE = 0,
+    GET_VALUE = 1,
+    ADD_PROVIDER = 2,
+    GET_PROVIDERS = 3,
+    FIND_NODE = 4,
+    PING = 5,
+}
+```
+
+**Connection types:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum ConnectionType {
+    NOT_CONNECTED = 0,
+    CONNECTED = 1,
+    CAN_CONNECT = 2,
+    CANNOT_CONNECT = 3,
+}
+```
+
+**Message structure:**
+
+```rust
+pub struct Message<'a> {
+    pub type_pb: MessageType,
+    pub clusterLevelRaw: i32,
+    pub key: Cow<'a, [u8]>,
+    pub record: Option<Record<'a>>,
+    pub closerPeers: Vec<Peer<'a>>,
+    pub providerPeers: Vec<Peer<'a>>,
+}
+
+pub struct Peer<'a> {
+    pub id: Cow<'a, [u8]>,
+    pub addrs: Vec<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    pub connection: ConnectionType,
+}
+
+pub struct Record<'a> {
+    pub key: Cow<'a, [u8]>,
+    pub value: Cow<'a, [u8]>,
+    pub timeReceived: Cow<'a, str>,
+}
+```
+
+### Gossipsub (pubsub)
+
+**Purpose:** Publish-subscribe messaging for efficient broadcast.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`BroadcastMessageId`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/network/pubsub/mod.rs#L1-L68)
+
+**Topic:** `coda/consensus-messages/0.0.1`
+
+**Message identifiers:**
+
+```rust
+pub enum BroadcastMessageId {
+    BlockHash {
+        hash: mina_p2p_messages::v2::StateHash,
+    },
+    Snark {
+        job_id: SnarkJobId,
+    },
+    MessageId {
+        message_id: P2pNetworkPubsubMessageCacheId,
+    },
+}
+```
+
+**Wire message type:** `GossipNetMessageV2` (from `mina_p2p_messages` crate)
+
+### Identify protocol
+
+**Purpose:** Peer identification and capability exchange.
+
+**Definition:**
+[`P2pNetworkIdentify`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/src/network/identify/p2p_network_identify_protocol.rs#L1-L82)
+
+```rust
+pub struct P2pNetworkIdentify {
+    pub protocol_version: Option<String>,
+    pub agent_version: Option<String>,
+    pub public_key: Option<PublicKey>,
+    pub listen_addrs: Vec<Multiaddr>,
+    pub observed_addr: Option<Multiaddr>,
+    pub protocols: Vec<token::StreamKind>,
+}
+```
+
+**Fields:**
+
+- **`protocol_version`** - P2P protocol version
+- **`agent_version`** - Node software version
+- **`public_key`** - Peer's public key
+- **`listen_addrs`** - Addresses peer is listening on
+- **`observed_addr`** - Peer's observed external address
+- **`protocols`** - Supported protocol streams
+
+## LibP2P RPC methods
+
+The following RPC methods are registered with the libp2p behavior (defined in
+[`libp2p_node.rs`](https://github.com/o1-labs/mina-rust/blob/develop/p2p/testing/src/libp2p_node.rs#L143-L157)):
+
+- **`GetBestTipV2`** - Retrieve best known block
+- **`GetAncestryV2`** - Retrieve chain ancestry
+- **`GetStagedLedgerAuxAndPendingCoinbasesAtHashV2`** - Retrieve staged ledger
+  data
+- **`AnswerSyncLedgerQueryV2`** - Answer ledger sync query
+- **`GetTransitionChainV2`** - Retrieve chain of state transitions
+- **`GetTransitionChainProofV1ForV2`** - Retrieve proof for transition chain
+
+## Wire format
+
+All messages are serialized using
+[BinProt](https://github.com/janestreet/bin_prot), a binary protocol developed
+by Jane Street. This provides:
+
+- **Compact encoding** - Efficient binary representation
+- **OCaml compatibility** - Interoperability with OCaml Mina node
+- **Versioning** - Stable message formats across versions
+
+## Transport support
+
+### LibP2P
+
+Supported channels:
+
+- BestTipPropagation
+- TransactionPropagation
+- SnarkPropagation
+- Rpc
+
+Uses TCP connections with multiplexing via yamux or mplex.
+
+### WebRTC
+
+Supported channels:
+
+- SignalingDiscovery
+- SignalingExchange
+- BestTipPropagation
+- TransactionPropagation
+- SnarkPropagation
+- SnarkJobCommitmentPropagation
+- Rpc
+- StreamingRpc
+
+Uses browser-compatible WebRTC data channels with DTLS encryption.
+
+## Message size limits
+
+Each channel has a maximum message size to prevent resource exhaustion:
+
+| Channel                       | Max size | Rationale                   |
+| ----------------------------- | -------- | --------------------------- |
+| SignalingDiscovery            | 16 KB    | Small signaling messages    |
+| SignalingExchange             | 16 KB    | Small signaling messages    |
+| BestTipPropagation            | 32 MB    | Large blocks with proofs    |
+| TransactionPropagation        | 1 KB     | Individual transactions     |
+| SnarkPropagation              | 1 KB     | Individual SNARK references |
+| SnarkJobCommitmentPropagation | 2 KB     | Job commitments             |
+| Rpc                           | 256 MB   | Large data transfers        |
+| StreamingRpc                  | 16 MB    | Chunked large transfers     |
+
+## Related documentation
+
+- [P2P Architecture](./architecture.md)
+- [WebRTC Support](./webrtc.md)
+- [Network Protocol](./network-protocol.md)