Add 'constant' math ref page to core lib docs (#6630)

* add 'constant' ref page to core lib docs

* toss in updated strings json

* fix spelling of 'logarithm'

Author: ganicke

docs/reference/math/constant.md

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Constant
+
+A common mathematical constant value.
+
+```sig
+Math._constant(Math.PI)
+```
+
+There are several constant values that are important in calculations for science and engineering. The ``||math.constant||`` block provides several that you can use in your mathematical formulas and expressions.
+
+## π
+
+The value of Pi (π) which is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.PI)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+Get the area of a circle with a radius of `4`.
+
+```block
+let circle_area = Math.PI * 4**2
+```
+
+## e
+
+Euler's number (e) which is the base of the natural logarithm and the exponential function.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.E)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+Find the half-life, in years, of radioactive decay for Carbon-14.
+
+```block
+let time = 0
+let decay = 0.000121
+let carbon14 = 1
+while (carbon14 > 0.5) {
+    carbon14 = Math.E ** (-1 * decay * time)
+    time += 1
+}
+```
+
+## ln(2)
+
+Natural log of 2.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.LN2)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+Find out how many years will it take to double an investment using continuous compounding at 5% interest.
+
+```block
+let years = Math.LN2 / 0.05
+```
+
+## ln(10)
+
+Natural log of 10.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.LN10)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+How many days will it take for bacteria in a culture to reach 10 times the start amount if they double in number each day.
+
+```block
+let days = Math.LN10
+```
+
+## log₂(e)
+
+Convert from a natural logarithm to a base-2 logarithm.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.LOG2E)
+```
+
+The log₂(e) constant is equal to ln(e) / ln(2) which is also 1 / ln(2).
+
+## log₁₀(e)
+
+Convert from a natural logarithm to a base-10 logarithm.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.LOG10E)
+```
+
+The log₁₀(e) constant is equal to 1 / ln(10) which is also 1 / ln(10).
+
+## √½
+
+The square root of one half (1/2).
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.SQRT1_2)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+Find the length of the sides of a square with a diagonal length of 9.
+
+```block
+let side = 9 * Math.SQRT1_2
+```
+
+## √2
+
+The square root of 2.
+
+```block
+Math._constant(Math.SQRT2)
+```
+
+### Example
+
+Find out how much shorter it is by walking across a square parking lot on a street corner than using the sidewalk on the sides. Each side of the parking lot is 50 meters.
+
+```block
+let walk_diff = 2 * 50 - 50 * Math.SQRT2
+```

libs/core/_locales/core-jsdoc-strings.json

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
   "Array.reduce|param|callbackfn": "A function that accepts up to three arguments. The reduce method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.",
   "Array.reduce|param|initialValue": "Initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.",
   "Array.removeAt": "Remove and return the element at a certain index.",
-  "Array.removeElement": "Remove the first occurence of an object. Returns true if removed.",
+  "Array.removeElement": "Remove the first occurrence of an object. Returns true if removed.",
   "Array.reverse": "Reverse the elements in an array. The first array element becomes the last, and the last array element becomes the first.",
   "Array.set": "Store a value at a particular index",
   "Array.set|param|index": "the zero-based position in the list to store the value, eg: 0",
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@
   "String.indexOf|param|start": "optional start index for the search",
   "String.isEmpty": "Returns a value indicating if the string is empty",
   "String.length": "Returns the length of a String object.",
-  "String.replace": "Return the current string with the first occurence of toReplace\nreplaced with the replacer\n\n\nor a function that accepts the substring and returns the replacement string.",
-  "String.replaceAll": "Return the current string with each occurence of toReplace\nreplaced with the replacer\n\n\nor a function that accepts the substring and returns the replacement string.",
+  "String.replace": "Return the current string with the first occurrence of toReplace\nreplaced with the replacer\n\n\nor a function that accepts the substring and returns the replacement string.",
+  "String.replaceAll": "Return the current string with each occurrence of toReplace\nreplaced with the replacer\n\n\nor a function that accepts the substring and returns the replacement string.",
   "String.replaceAll|param|replacer": "either the string that replaces toReplace in the current string,",
   "String.replaceAll|param|toReplace": "the substring to replace in the current string",
   "String.replace|param|replacer": "either the string that replaces toReplace in the current string,",
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@
   "serial.delimiters": "Return the corresponding delimiter string",
   "serial.onDataReceived": "Register an event to be fired when one of the delimiter is matched.",
   "serial.onDataReceived|param|delimiters": "the characters to match received characters against.",
-  "serial.readBuffer": "Read multiple characters from the receive buffer. \nIf length is positive, pauses until enough characters are present.",
+  "serial.readBuffer": "Read multiple characters from the receive buffer.\nIf length is positive, pauses until enough characters are present.",
   "serial.readBuffer|param|length": "default buffer length",
   "serial.readLine": "Read a line of text from the serial port.",
   "serial.readString": "Read the buffered received data as a string",

libs/core/_locales/core-strings.json

@@ -145,6 +145,15 @@
   "LedSpriteProperty.Direction|block": "direction",
   "LedSpriteProperty.X|block": "x",
   "LedSpriteProperty.Y|block": "y",
+  "Math.E|block": "e",
+  "Math.LN10|block": "ln(10)",
+  "Math.LN2|block": "ln(2)",
+  "Math.LOG10E|block": "log₁₀(e)",
+  "Math.LOG2E|block": "log₂(e)",
+  "Math.PI|block": "π",
+  "Math.SQRT1_2|block": "√½",
+  "Math.SQRT2|block": "√2",
+  "Math._constant|block": "$MEMBER",
   "Math.constrain|block": "constrain %value|between %low|and %high",
   "Math.map|block": "map %value|from low %fromLow|high %fromHigh|to low %toLow|high %toHigh",
   "Math.randomBoolean|block": "pick random true or false",