diff --git a/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope.py b/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope.py
index 71a8408767b..9eb1dd8985f 100644
--- a/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope.py
+++ b/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope.py
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             name_scope_stack = global_state.get_global_attribute(
                 "name_scope_stack"
             )
-            name_scope_stack.pop()
+            if name_scope_stack:
+                name_scope_stack.pop()
 
 
 def current_path():
diff --git a/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope_test.py b/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope_test.py
index 2e79f214695..a9873ca95ee 100644
--- a/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope_test.py
+++ b/keras/src/backend/common/name_scope_test.py
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import threading
+
 from keras.src import testing
+from keras.src.backend.common import global_state
 from keras.src.backend.common.name_scope import current_path
 from keras.src.backend.common.name_scope import name_scope
 
@@ -46,3 +49,85 @@ def test_override_parent(self):
                         current_path(), "absolute/path/middle/inner"
                     )
             self.assertEqual(current_path(), "outer")
+
+    def test_exit_with_none_stack(self):
+        """Test that __exit__ handles None name_scope_stack gracefully."""
+        # Create a name_scope instance
+        scope = name_scope("test")
+        # Enter the scope normally
+        scope.__enter__()
+
+        # Simulate the scenario where global state is cleared
+        # (e.g., in a different thread)
+        global_state.set_global_attribute("name_scope_stack", None)
+
+        # Exit should not raise an AttributeError
+        scope.__exit__()
+
+        # Clean up: reset the stack
+        global_state.set_global_attribute("name_scope_stack", [])
+
+    def test_exit_with_empty_stack(self):
+        """Test that __exit__ handles empty name_scope_stack gracefully."""
+        # Create a name_scope instance
+        scope = name_scope("test")
+        # Enter the scope normally
+        scope.__enter__()
+
+        # Simulate the scenario where the stack is cleared
+        name_scope_stack = global_state.get_global_attribute("name_scope_stack")
+        name_scope_stack.clear()
+
+        # Exit should not raise an IndexError
+        scope.__exit__()
+
+        # Verify stack is still empty
+        name_scope_stack = global_state.get_global_attribute(
+            "name_scope_stack", default=[]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(name_scope_stack), 0)
+
+    def test_multithreaded_name_scope(self):
+        """Test name_scope in multithreaded environment."""
+        results = []
+
+        def thread_function(thread_id):
+            # Each thread should have its own name_scope_stack
+            with name_scope(f"thread_{thread_id}"):
+                path = current_path()
+                results.append(path)
+                # Verify we get the expected path
+                self.assertEqual(path, f"thread_{thread_id}")
+
+        # Create and start multiple threads
+        threads = []
+        for i in range(5):
+            thread = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(i,))
+            threads.append(thread)
+            thread.start()
+
+        # Wait for all threads to complete
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.join()
+
+        # Verify all threads executed successfully
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), 5)
+
+    def test_exit_without_pop_on_exit(self):
+        """Test that __exit__ respects _pop_on_exit flag."""
+        # Create a name_scope but don't enter it
+        scope = name_scope("test")
+        # _pop_on_exit should be False
+        self.assertFalse(scope._pop_on_exit)
+
+        # Set up a stack manually
+        global_state.set_global_attribute("name_scope_stack", [scope])
+
+        scope.__exit__()
+
+        # Verify the stack still contains the scope
+        name_scope_stack = global_state.get_global_attribute("name_scope_stack")
+        self.assertEqual(len(name_scope_stack), 1)
+
+        # Clean up
+        global_state.set_global_attribute("name_scope_stack", [])