Rollup merge of #140997 - jieyouxu:link-flags-negative-tests, r=lqd

Add negative test coverage for `-Clink-self-contained` and `-Zlinker-features`

Noticed while reviewing stabilization #140525 that we don't have any negative test coverage for these flags. Feel free to cherry-pick these tests into the stabilization PR, or we can land these before separately.

r? `@lqd`

Author: matthiaskrgr