Add precompiled header support (microsoft#25739)

### Description

This PR introduces precompiled header (PCH) support for ONNX Runtime
targets that exhibited the longest build times when built with the MSVC
toolset. By analyzing build performance, I identified a subset of
targets with significant compilation overhead due to repeated header
processing. Enabling PCH for these targets reduces redundant parsing,
improving incremental and full build performance.

Changes include:

Added PCH configuration to selected CMake targets with the highest build
cost in MSVC builds.

Ensured PCH setup is compatible with the existing build configurations.

Verified successful compilation and linkage with PCH enabled under MSVC.

Impact:

~30% reduction in build time

Author: moyo1997

cmake/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1791,3 +1791,12 @@ else()
     include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/arm64x.cmake")
   endif()
 endif()
+
+if(onnxruntime_BUILD_UNIT_TESTS)
+  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/onnxruntime_test_pch.cmake")
+endif()
+
+# Include precompiled header configuration for providers
+if(TARGET onnxruntime_providers)
+  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/onnxruntime_providers_pch.cmake")
+endif()

cmake/onnxruntime_providers_pch.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Precompiled header configuration for onnxruntime_providers
+
+if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "MSVC")
+  # Visual Studio PCH
+  target_precompile_headers(onnxruntime_providers PRIVATE
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/providers_pch.h"
+  )
+endif()

cmake/onnxruntime_test_pch.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Precompiled header configuration for onnxruntime_test_all
+
+if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "MSVC")
+  # Visual Studio PCH
+  target_precompile_headers(onnxruntime_test_all PRIVATE
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_pch.h"
+  )
+  endif()
+
+# Exclude certain files that might conflict with PCH
+set(PCH_EXCLUDE_FILES
+  # Add any problematic source files here
+  "${TEST_SRC_DIR}/framework/tensor_shape_test.cc"
+)
+
+foreach(file ${PCH_EXCLUDE_FILES})
+  set_source_files_properties(${file} PROPERTIES
+    SKIP_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS ON
+  )
+endforeach()

cmake/providers_pch.h

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Core framework headers (highest compilation time impact)
+#include "core/framework/op_kernel.h"
+#include "core/framework/op_kernel_info.h"
+#include "core/framework/execution_provider.h"
+#include "core/framework/op_node_proto_helper.h"
+#include "core/framework/data_types.h"
+#include "core/framework/tensor.h"
+
+// Graph-related headers
+#include "core/graph/graph_viewer.h"
+#include "core/graph/graph.h"
+#include "core/graph/onnx_protobuf.h"
+
+// ONNX schema definitions
+#include "onnx/defs/schema.h"
+
+// Windows-specific headers (if applicable)
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif

cmake/test_pch.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Test framework headers (highest compilation time impact)
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest-assertion-result.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest-message.h"
+#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
+
+// Core test utilities (most frequently used in tests)
+#include "test/providers/provider_test_utils.h"
+#include "test/providers/checkers.h"
+
+// ONNX and Protocol Buffer headers
+#include "core/graph/onnx_protobuf.h"
+#include "onnx/defs/schema.h"
+
+// Data types and framework headers
+#include "core/framework/data_types.h"
+
+// Windows-specific headers (if applicable)
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif