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Merge pull request #347 from fullstack-development/optional/blockchain
Create blockchain topic
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backend/README.md

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* [junior-2](./junior-2/README.md)
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* [junior-3](./junior-3/README.md)
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2. **Middle**
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* [middle-1](./middle-1/README.md)
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* [middle-1](./middle-1/README.md)
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## Optional topics levels list
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* [blockchain](./optional/blockchain.md)

backend/optional/blockchain.md

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# Blockchain
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This topic covers Cardano blockchain specifics.
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* What are Cardano blockchain layers?
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* What is Network layer for?
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* What is Consensus layer for?
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* What is Ledger layer for?
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* What is Smart Contracts layer for?
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* How are these layers connected?
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* Is Cardano blockchain modular in terms of its layers?
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* How do Network, Consensus and Ledger layers work together to determine chain synchronization and transaction submission protocols?
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* What are specifics of Proof-of-Stake consensus used by Cardano in comparison with other PoS networks?
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* What is the probability of miner to be selected as the leader which mines the block?
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* What is a slot and an epoch? Is there a correspondance between these notions and real time?
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* How does leader selection happen?
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* How does chain selection happen (how to choose correct chain between forks)?
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* What is a stake pool?
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* What is delegation?
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* How does delegation cycle work?
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* How to create a stake pool?
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* How to delegate to a stake pool?
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* How does Ouroboros PoS protocol work?
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* What are the differences between Ouroboros Classic, BFT, Praos, Genesis, Chronos, Crypsinous, Omega? Which one is currently used in Cardano mainnet?
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* What ledger model Cardano uses?
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* How does eUTXO model work?
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* What are the additions into eUTXO model in comparison with UTXO?
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* What tools are used to develop Smart Contracts on Cardano?
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* How is Cardano Plutus different from Bitcoin script and Ethereum smart contracts?
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* What is the Plutus Platform?
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* What Plutus Application Backend? What other applications does it interact with?
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* What are two typical plutus decentralized application parts?
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* What is off-chain code part used for?
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* What is on-chain code part used for?
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* What cryptographic algorithms are used in Cardano for hashing and signing?
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* What is Cardano Hydra? What problem does it solve?
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* What is Cardano hard fork combinator? What problem does it solve?
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## Resources
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* [Cryptography behind top 20 cryptocurrencies](https://www.susanka.eu/coins-crypto/)
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* [The Extended UTXO Model](https://fc20.ifca.ai/wtsc/WTSC2020/WTSC20_paper_25.pdf)
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* [The abstract nature of the Cardano consensus layer](https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2020/05/28/the-abstract-nature-of-the-consensus-layer/)
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* [What is the Plutus Platform?](https://plutus-apps.readthedocs.io/en/latest/plutus/explanations/platform.html)
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* [Cardano architecture overview](https://docs.cardano.org/explore-cardano/cardano-architecture/overview)
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* [Cardano architecture](https://youtu.be/PKzkzqUB8e0)
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* [Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/889.pdf)
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* [Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability](https://iohk.io/en/research/library/papers/ouroboros-genesiscomposable-proof-of-stake-blockchains-with-dynamic-availability/)
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* [Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanisms for Future Blockchain Networks: Fundamentals, Applications and Opportunities](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8746079)
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* [plutus-pioneer-program](https://plutus-pioneer-program.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pioneer/week1.html)
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* [Functional smart contracts on Cardano](https://youtu.be/MpWeg6Fg0t8)
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* [UTXO vs. Account Model](https://academy.horizen.io/technology/expert/utxo-vs-account-model/)
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* [Delegation](https://docs.cardano.org/core-concepts/delegation)
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* [Design Specification for Delegation and Incentives in Cardano](https://hydra.iohk.io/build/7740466/download/1/delegation_design_spec.pdf)
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* [The Grand Ultimate Cardano Staking Guide](https://www.reddit.com/r/cardano/comments/l0xfso/the_grand_ultimate_cardano_staking_guide/)
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* [Pledging and rewards](https://docs.cardano.org/core-concepts/pledging-rewards)
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* [IOHK | Cardano whiteboard; overview with Charles Hoskinson](https://youtu.be/Ja9D0kpksxw)
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* [How To DeFi](https://landing.coingecko.com/how-to-defi/)
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* [IOHK | Ouroboros Genesis: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol](https://youtu.be/LCeK_4o-NCc)
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* [Ouroboros Protocol](https://cardano-foundation.gitbook.io/stake-pool-course/lessons/introduction/ouroboros)
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* [Ouroboros – Which version is currently implemented?](https://cardano.stackexchange.com/questions/3707/ouroboros-which-version-is-currently-implemented)
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* [plutus-pioneer-program repository](https://github.com/input-output-hk/plutus-pioneer-program)
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* [About hard forks](https://docs.cardano.org/core-concepts/about-hard-forks)
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* [What's the difference between "on-chain" and "off-chain" in plutus smart contracts?](https://cardano.stackexchange.com/questions/219/whats-the-difference-between-on-chain-and-off-chain-in-plutus-smart-contrac)

shared/README.md

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* [junior-3](./junior-3/README.md)
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2. **Middle:**
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* [middle](./middle/README.md)
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## Optional topics levels list
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* [blockchain](./optional/blockchain.md)

shared/optional/blockchain.md

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# Blockchain
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This topic covers blockchain technology basics. Other subtopics include popular DeFi apps.
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* What is blockchain?
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* What problem is solved by blockchain?
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* Is public ledger the only application of blockchain?
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* What is a block, transaction, chain, fork? How are these abstractions connected?
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* What is consensus mechanism? Why is it needed?
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* What problem is solved by consensus mechanism?
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* Should it be provably secure? Can you describe common attacks?
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* What is Proof-of-Work?
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* What is the probability of miner to be selected as the leader which mines the block?
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* How does (leader) miner selection happen?
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* How does chain selection happen (how to choose correct chain between forks)?
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* What are pros and cons of PoW?
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* What is a mining pool?
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* What is Proof-of-Stake?
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* Is PoW not enough for consensus to work? Why does PoS exist?
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* What is the probability of miner to be selected as the leader which mines the block?
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* How does leader selection happen?
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* How does chain selection happen (how to choose correct chain between forks)?
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* What are pros and cons of PoS?
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* What is a stake pool?
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* What are differences between PoW & PoS? Do other consensus mechanisms exist?
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* What are differences between stake & mining pools?
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* What is ledger model?
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* How does Account model work?
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* How does UTXO model work?
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* What are differences between Account, UTXO models?
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* Which model uses less space?
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* Which model has deterministic transactions (outcome does not depend on the order of transactions)?
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* Which model is capable to process transactions in parallel?
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* What are Smart Contracts?
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* What blockchain platforms currently support smart contracts? Is there a difference between them?
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* What cryptographic primitives are used in blockchain?
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* How hash functions are used?
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* How signatures are used?
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* Why is there no need to encrypt messages sent between nodes in blockchain network?
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* When to use public key and when to use public key hash?
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* What is an address?
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* What is a cryptographic commitment?
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* What is a Merkle Tree? How is it used to form a cryptographic commitment?
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* What blockchain technology hurdles and challenges exist?
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* What is the notion of Scalability?
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* Why is Transactions Per Second (TPS) parameter important?
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* What are L1 (Layer 1) TPS scaling solutions?
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* Can we tweak consensus mechanism to get more TPS?
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* What is network sharding?
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* What is the blockchain trilemma?
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* What are L2 (Layer 2) TPS scaling solutions?
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* What are sidechains / nested blockchains?
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* What are payment channels?
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* What are state channels?
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* How to minimize Storage needed for blockchain database?
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* What are light and full nodes?
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* What is storage sharding (partitioning)?
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* What is proof of storage?
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* Why do we need Interoperability?
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* What are bridges?
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* Does blockchain technology have any privacy concerns? Why is it said to be pseudonymous?
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* What are ZK-STARK and ZK-SNARK? How are these protocols used?
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* What is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?
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* What are Decentralized Exchanges (DEX)?
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* What is order book?
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* What is liquidity pool?
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* What are Automated Market Makers (AMM)?
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* How can we make decentralized lending and borrowing possible?
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* What are lending pools?
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* What is the concept of Stablecoin?
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* Can you explain the difference between centralized and decentralized stablecoins?
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* What are pros and cons of algorithmic stablecoins?
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* What is an Oracle? How is it used?
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## Resources
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* [Хотите знать, как устроен Биткоин (и другие криптовалюты)?](https://youtu.be/bBC-nXj3Ng4)
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* [Блокчейн изнутри: как устроен биткоин](https://vas3k.ru/blog/blockchain/)
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* [Ethereum Whitepaper](https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/)
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* [The fundamental problem solved by blockchain](http://www.edsko.net/2021/01/09/blockchain/)
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* [Intro to CryptoCurrencies](https://youtu.be/EoO76YCSTLo)
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* [Cryptography behind top 20 cryptocurrencies](https://www.susanka.eu/coins-crypto/)
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* [Dan Boneh: Blockchain Primitives: Cryptography and Consensus](https://youtu.be/V0JdeRzVndI)
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* [Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanisms for Future Blockchain Networks: Fundamentals, Applications and Opportunities](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8746079)
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* [Functional smart contracts on Cardano](https://youtu.be/MpWeg6Fg0t8)
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* [UTXO vs. Account Model](https://academy.horizen.io/technology/expert/utxo-vs-account-model/)
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* [IOHK | Cardano whiteboard; overview with Charles Hoskinson](https://youtu.be/Ja9D0kpksxw)
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* [Scaling Blockchains: A Comprehensive Survey](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9133427)
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* [What are zk-SNARKs?](https://z.cash/technology/zksnarks/)
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* [How To DeFi](https://landing.coingecko.com/how-to-defi/)
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* [What are Sidechains?](https://hackernoon.com/what-are-sidechains-1c45ea2daf3?utm_source=pocket_mylist)
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* [Mastering Bitcoin](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook)
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* [Mastering the Lightning Network](https://github.com/lnbook/lnbook)
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* [Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) and its significance in Blockchain world](https://www.hcltech.com/blogs/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft-and-its-significance-blockchain-world)

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