fix(influxdb-v2): Revise and update image description and v2 instructions (#2425)

* fix(influxdb-v2): Revises and updates v2 server-config instructions, code samples, links:

- Be specific in product/version naming (InfluxDB v2)
- Promote automated setup and other Docker-specific aspects
- Use the version `2` tag in code samples
- Use canonical `/influxdb/v2` in Docs links
- Link to Docs for Quick Start guide and InfluxDB features not specific to Docker
- Add a section to define ports and file system

* fix(influxdb-v1): Promote heading levels
* chore(Influxdb-v1): Revise database initialization section
* fix(influxdb): Replace console with bash code blocks
* chore(influxdb): Quote $PWD in variable in code blocks.

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Co-authored-by: Scott Anderson <sanderson@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: jstirnaman

influxdb/README-short.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-InfluxDB is an open source time series database for recording metrics, events, and analytics.
+InfluxDB is the open source time series database built for real-time analytic workloads.