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[spec/declaration] Group Initialization sections together (#3779)
* [spec/declaration] Group Initialization sections together Add *Initialization* heading after *Declaration Syntax*. Move grammar here & add legacy anchor. Move void init section here. Change auto-declaration heading to H3. Move global init section here. No changes to content. * Describe initializers Link to .init docs. Link to static ctors. * normally a variable is initialized
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‎spec/declaration.dd‎

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@@ -95,20 +95,6 @@ $(GNAME StorageClass):
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$(RELATIVE_LINK2 ref-storage, `ref`)
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)
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$(H3 $(LNAME2 initializers, Initializers))
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$(GRAMMAR
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$(GNAME Initializer):
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$(GLINK VoidInitializer)
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$(GLINK NonVoidInitializer)
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$(GNAME NonVoidInitializer):
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$(GLINK2 expression, AssignExpression)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 ExpInitializer)
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$(GLINK2 expression, ArrayLiteral)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 ArrayInitializer)
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$(GLINK2 struct, StructInitializer)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 StructInitializer)
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)
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$(P See also $(GLINK VoidInitializer).)
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$(H2 $(LNAME2 declaration_syntax, Declaration Syntax))
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@@ -197,7 +183,82 @@ int x, *y; // x is an int, y is a pointer to int
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int x[], y; // x is an array/pointer, y is an int
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)
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$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 AutoDeclaration, auto-declaration, Implicit Type Inference))
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$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 initializers, initialization, Initialization))
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$(GRAMMAR
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$(GNAME Initializer):
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$(GLINK VoidInitializer)
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$(GLINK NonVoidInitializer)
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$(GNAME NonVoidInitializer):
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$(GLINK2 expression, AssignExpression)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 ExpInitializer)
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$(GLINK2 expression, ArrayLiteral)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 ArrayInitializer)
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$(GLINK2 struct, StructInitializer)$(LEGACY_LNAME2 StructInitializer)
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)
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$(P When no *Initializer* is given, a variable is set to the
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$(DDSUBLINK spec/property, init, default `.init` value) for
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its type.)
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$(P A variable can be initialized with a $(I NonVoidInitializer).)
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$(P See also: $(DDSUBLINK spec/arrays, array-initialization, Array Initialization).)
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$(H3 $(LNAME2 void_init, Void Initialization))
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$(GRAMMAR
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$(GNAME VoidInitializer):
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$(D void)
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)
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$(P Normally a variable will be initialized.
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However, if a variable initializer is $(D void), the variable is *not* initialized.
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Void initializers for variables with a type that may contain
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$(DDSUBLINK spec/function, safe-values, unsafe values) (such as types with pointers)
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are not allowed in `@safe` code.
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)
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$(IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED If a void initialized variable's value is
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used before it is set, its value is implementation defined.
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---
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void bad()
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{
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int x = void;
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writeln(x); // print implementation defined value
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}
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---
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)
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$(UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR If a void initialized variable's value is
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used before it is set, and the value is a reference, pointer or an instance
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of a struct with an invariant, the behavior is undefined.
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---
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void muchWorse()
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{
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char[] p = void;
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writeln(p); // may result in apocalypse
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}
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---
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)
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$(BEST_PRACTICE
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$(OL
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$(LI Void initializers are useful when a static array is on the stack,
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but may only be partially used, such as a temporary buffer.
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Void initializers will potentially speed up the code, but they introduce risk, since one must ensure
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that array elements are always set before read.)
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$(LI The same is true for structs.)
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$(LI Use of void initializers is rarely useful for individual local variables,
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as a modern optimizer will remove the dead store of its initialization if it is
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initialized later.)
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$(LI For hot code paths, it is worth profiling to see if the void initializer
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actually improves results.)
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)
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)
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$(H3 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 AutoDeclaration, auto-declaration, Implicit Type Inference))
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$(GRAMMAR
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$(GNAME AutoDeclaration):
@@ -241,6 +302,19 @@ auto c = new C(); // c is a handle to an instance of class C
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auto v = ["resistance", "is", "useless"]; // type is string[], not string[3]
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---
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$(H3 $(LNAME2 global_static_init, Global and Static Initializers))
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$(P The $(GLINK Initializer) for a global or static variable must be
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evaluatable at compile time.
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Runtime initialization is done with $(DDSUBLINK spec/module, staticorder, static constructors).
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)
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$(IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED
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$(OL
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$(LI Whether some pointers can be initialized with the addresses of other
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functions or data.)
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))
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$(H2 $(LNAME2 alias, Alias Declarations))
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@@ -667,74 +741,6 @@ extern extern(C) int bar;
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connect with global variables declarations and functions in C or C++ files.)
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))
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$(H2 $(LNAME2 void_init, Void Initializations))
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$(GRAMMAR
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$(GNAME VoidInitializer):
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$(D void)
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)
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$(P Normally, variables are initialized either with an explicit
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$(GLINK Initializer) or are set to the default value for the
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type of the variable. If the $(I Initializer) is $(D void),
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however, the variable is not initialized.
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Void initializers for variables with a type that may contain
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$(DDSUBLINK spec/function, safe-values, unsafe values) (such as types with pointers)
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are not allowed in `@safe` code.
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)
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$(IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED If a void initialized variable's value is
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used before it is set, its value is implementation defined.
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---
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void bad()
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{
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int x = void;
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writeln(x); // print implementation defined value
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}
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---
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)
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$(UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR If a void initialized variable's value is
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used before it is set, and the value is a reference, pointer or an instance
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of a struct with an invariant, the behavior is undefined.
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---
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void muchWorse()
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{
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char[] p = void;
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writeln(p); // may result in apocalypse
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}
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---
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)
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$(BEST_PRACTICE
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$(OL
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$(LI Void initializers are useful when a static array is on the stack,
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but may only be partially used, such as a temporary buffer.
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Void initializers will potentially speed up the code, but they introduce risk, since one must ensure
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that array elements are always set before read.)
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$(LI The same is true for structs.)
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$(LI Use of void initializers is rarely useful for individual local variables,
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as a modern optimizer will remove the dead store of its initialization if it is
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initialized later.)
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$(LI For hot code paths, it is worth profiling to see if the void initializer
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actually improves results.)
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)
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)
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$(H2 $(LNAME2 global_static_init, Global and Static Initializers))
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$(P The $(GLINK Initializer) for a global or static variable must be
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evaluatable at compile time.
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Runtime initialization is done with static constructors.
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)
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$(IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED
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$(OL
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$(LI Whether some pointers can be initialized with the addresses of other
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functions or data.)
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))
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$(H2 $(LNAME2 typequal_vs_storageclass, Type Qualifiers vs. Storage Classes))
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