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lines changed Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change 203203\begin {itemize }
204204\item 2 ways of waiting:
205205\begin {description }
206- \item [active (busy waiting)] -- process test a condition in a cycle while it
207- is not true.
206+ \item [active (busy waiting)] -- a process tests a condition in a cycle while
207+ it is not true.
208208\item [passive] -- a process registers itself in the kernel as a waiting for
209209the condition and goes asleep. The kernel wakes it up if the condition becomes
210210true.
221221\sltitle {Synchronization mechanisms}
222222\begin {itemize }
223223\item theoretical solution -- mutual exclusive algorithms (Dekker
224- 1965, Peterson 1981)
224+ 1965, Peterson 1981)
225225\item interrupt disable (1 CPU), special \emph {test-and-set } instructions
226226\item \emsl {lock-files}
227227\item tools offered by the operating system:
228228 \begin {itemize }
229- \item \emsl {semaphores} (POSIX, System V IPC)
229+ \item \emsl {semaphores} (POSIX, System V IPC)
230230 \item \emsl {file level locking} (\texttt {fcntl() }, \texttt {flock() })
231231 \item thread synchronization: \emsl {mutexes} (surround critical sections,
232232 only one thread can hold the mutex), \emsl {condition variables}
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