Introduce \DynamicError, marking all dynamic errors just like compile-time errors have been for a while

Author: eernstg

specification/dart.sty

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
 
 % Used for defining occurrence of phrase, with customized index entry.
 \newcommand{\IndexCustom}[2]{%
-  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{_{^\vartriangle}}}\emph{#1}\index{#2}}
+  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{\vartriangle}}\emph{#1}\index{#2}}
 
 % Used for the defining occurrence of a local symbol.
 \newcommand{\DefineSymbol}[1]{%
@@ -190,11 +190,15 @@
 
 % Same appearance, but not adding an entry to the index.
 \newcommand{\NoIndex}[1]{%
-  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{_{^\vartriangle}}}\emph{#1}}
+  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{\vartriangle}}\emph{#1}}
 
 % Mark a compile-time error in the margin.
 \newcommand{\Error}[1]{%
-  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{_{^\ominus}}}{#1}}
+  \leavevmode\marginpar{\ensuremath{\ominus}}{#1}}
+
+% Mark a dynamic error in the margin.
+\newcommand{\DynamicError}[1]{%
+  \leavevmode\marginpar{\Lightning}{#1}}
 
 % Used to specify comma separated lists of similar symbols.
 \newcommand{\List}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}_{#2},\,\ldots,\ {#1}_{#3}}}

specification/dartLangSpec.tex

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
 \usepackage{makeidx}
 \usepackage{enumitem}
+\usepackage{marvosym}
 \makeindex
 \title{Dart Programming Language Specification\\
 {6th edition draft}\\
@@ -40,9 +41,11 @@
 % - Clarify how line breaks are handled in a multi-line string literal. Rename
 %   the lexical token NEWLINE to LINE\_BREAK (clarifying that it is not `\n`).
 %
-% Feb 2023
+% Jan, Feb 2023
 % - Change the specification of constant expressions of the form `e1 == e2`
 %   to use primitive equality.
+% - Introduce `\DynamicError{}`, thus marking every introduction (definition)
+%   of a dynamic error by a lightning symbol in the right margin.
 %
 % Dec 2022
 % - Change the definition of the type function 'flatten' to resolve soundness
@@ -1472,7 +1475,7 @@ \subsection{Implicitly Induced Getters and Setters}
 it will bind \id{} to the object that $x$ is bound to.
 If this setter is executed
 in a situation where the variable \id{} has been bound to an object,
-a dynamic error occurs.
+a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 
 \commentary{%
 A late final variable declaration with no initializer is permitted.
@@ -1513,7 +1516,7 @@ \subsection{Implicitly Induced Getters and Setters}
 will bind \id{} to the object that the argument $x$ is bound to.
 An execution of the setter
 in a situation where the variable \id{} has been bound to an object
-will incur a dynamic error.
+will incur a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 
 \LMHash{}%
 The scope into which the implicit getters and setters are introduced
@@ -1567,7 +1570,7 @@ \subsection{Implicitly Induced Getters and Setters}
 but initialization and assignment is not the same thing.
 When the receiver has type \DYNAMIC{}
 such an assignment is not a compile-time error,
-but if there is no such setter it will cause a dynamic error.%
+but if there is no such setter it will cause a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.%
 }
 
 \LMHash{}%
@@ -1689,7 +1692,7 @@ \subsection{Evaluation of Implicit Variable Getters}
 will evaluate to the object that \id{} is bound to.
 Otherwise
 (\commentary{when this variable has never been bound}),
-the getter invocation incurs a dynamic error.
+the getter invocation incurs a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 \EndCase
 
 \LMHash{}%
@@ -1796,7 +1799,7 @@ \subsection{Evaluation of Implicit Variable Getters}
   will complete returning $o$.
   An execution of the implicitly induced getter of \id{}
   in a situation where the variable \id{} is unbound
-  will incur a dynamic error.
+  will incur a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 \end{itemize}
 
 % Reduce whitespace after itemized list: This is just an end symbol.
@@ -4004,7 +4007,7 @@ \subsubsection{Generative Constructors}
 % This can occur due to a failing implicit cast.
 unless the assigned object has a dynamic type
 which is not a subtype of the declared type of the instance variable \id,
-in which case a dynamic error occurs.
+in which case a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 
 \commentary{%
 The above rule allows initializing formals to be used as optional parameters:%
@@ -10295,7 +10298,7 @@ \subsubsection{Collection Literal Element Evaluation}
     or the given \code{value} does not have the type \code{Value},
     but it cannot occur after the pair has been appended to $s$.
   \item
-    Otherwise, a dynamic error occurs.
+    Otherwise, a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 
     \commentary{%
       This occurs when the target is an iterable respectively a map,
@@ -10350,7 +10353,8 @@ \subsubsection{Collection Literal Element Evaluation}
 and if $\ell_2$ is not present then
 $\EvaluateElement{\ell} := \LiteralSequence{}$.
 % $o_b$ can have type \DYNAMIC.
-If $o_b$ is neither \TRUE{} nor \FALSE{} then a dynamic error occurs.
+If $o_b$ is neither \TRUE{} nor \FALSE{}
+then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 \EndCase
 
 \LMHash{}%
@@ -10581,7 +10585,7 @@ \subsubsection{Lists}
 An empty list has an empty set of indices.
 A non-empty list has the index set $\{0, \ldots, n - 1\}$
 where $n$ is the size of the list.
-It is a dynamic error to attempt to access a list
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error} to attempt to access a list
 using an index that is not a member of its set of indices.
 
 \rationale{%
@@ -10605,7 +10609,8 @@ \subsubsection{Lists}
 Only run-time list literals can be mutated
 after they are created.
 % This error can occur because being constant is a dynamic property.
-Attempting to mutate a constant list literal will result in a dynamic error.
+Attempting to mutate a constant list literal
+will result in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 
 \commentary{%
 % The following is true either directly or indirectly: There is a \CONST{}
@@ -11374,7 +11379,7 @@ \subsubsection{Sets}
 \LMHash{}%
 A set may contain zero or more objects.
 Sets have a method which can be used to insert objects;
-this will incur a dynamic error if the set is not modifiable.
+this will incur a \DynamicError{dynamic error} if the set is not modifiable.
 Otherwise, when inserting an object $o_{\metavar{new}}$ into a set $s$,
 if an object $o_{\metavar{old}}$ exists in $s$ such that
 \code{$o_{\metavar{old}}$ == $o_{\metavar{new}}$} evaluates to \TRUE{}
@@ -11414,7 +11419,8 @@ \subsubsection{Sets}
 and it is evaluated at run time.
 Only run-time set literals can be mutated after they are created.
 % This error can occur because being constant is a dynamic property, here.
-Attempting to mutate a constant set literal will result in a dynamic error.
+Attempting to mutate a constant set literal 
+will result in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 
 \commentary{%
 % The following is true either directly or indirectly: There is a \CONST{}
@@ -11620,7 +11626,8 @@ \subsubsection{Maps}
 and it is evaluated at run time.
 Only run-time map literals can be mutated after they are created.
 % This error can occur because being constant is a dynamic property, here.
-Attempting to mutate a constant map literal will result in a dynamic error.
+Attempting to mutate a constant map literal
+will result in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 
 \commentary{%
 % The following is true either directly or indirectly: There is a \CONST{}
@@ -11761,7 +11768,8 @@ \subsection{Throw}
 }
 
 \LMHash{}%
-If $v$ is the null object (\ref{null}), then a dynamic error occurs.
+If $v$ is the null object (\ref{null})
+then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 Otherwise let $t$ be a stack trace corresponding to the current execution state,
 and the \THROW{} statement throws with $v$ as exception object
 and $t$ as stack trace (\ref{expressionEvaluation}).
@@ -12275,7 +12283,7 @@ \subsubsection{New}
 % This error can occur because being-loaded is a dynamic property.
 If $T$ is a deferred type with prefix $p$,
 then if $p$ has not been successfully loaded,
-a dynamic error occurs.
+a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 \EndCase
 
 \LMHash{}%
@@ -13203,7 +13211,7 @@ \subsubsection{Binding Actuals to Formals}
 If $r = 0$ and $s > 0$ then
 if $f$ does not have default type arguments
 (\ref{instantiationToBound})
-then a dynamic error occurs.
+then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
 Otherwise replace the actual type argument list:
 Let $r$ be $s$ and let $t_i$ for $i \in 1 .. s$ be the result of
 instantiation to bound
@@ -16226,7 +16234,8 @@ \subsection{Assignment}
       in which case $v$ has no initializer and is not definitely assigned,
       or a compile-time error would have occurred%
     }).
-    If $v$ has previously been bound to an object then a dynamic error occurs.
+    If $v$ has previously been bound to an object
+    then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs.
     Otherwise, $v$ is bound to $o$, and then $a$ evaluates to $o$
     (\ref{expressionEvaluation}).
   \item
@@ -16778,7 +16787,8 @@ \subsection{Conditional}
 proceeds as follows:
 Evaluate $e_1$ to an object $o_1$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit cast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
 If $o_1$ is the \TRUE{} object, then the value of $c$ is
 the result of evaluating the expression $e_2$.
 Otherwise, the value of $c$ is the result of evaluating the expression $e_3$.
@@ -16846,23 +16856,27 @@ \subsection{Logical Boolean Expressions}
 \code{$e_1$\,\,||\,\,$e_2$}
 causes the evaluation of $e_1$ to an object $o_1$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
 If $o_1$ is \TRUE, the result of evaluating $b$ is \TRUE,
 otherwise $e_2$ is evaluated to an object $o_2$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o_2$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o_2$ is not \code{bool}.
 Otherwise the result of evaluating $b$ is $o_2$.
 
 \LMHash{}%
 Evaluation of a logical boolean expression $b$ of the form
 \code{$e_1$\,\,\&\&\,\,$e_2$}
 causes the evaluation of $e_1$ to an object $o_1$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o_1$ is not \code{bool}.
 If $o_1$ is \FALSE, the result of evaluating $b$ is \FALSE,
 otherwise $e_2$ is evaluated to an object $o_2$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o_2$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o_2$ is not \code{bool}.
 Otherwise the result of evaluating $b$ is $o_2$.
 
 
@@ -17447,7 +17461,7 @@ \subsection{Postfix Expressions}
 
 \LMHash{}%
 $e$ is evaluated as follows: $e_1$ is evaluated to an object $o$.
-If $o$ is the null object then a dynamic error occurs,
+If $o$ is the null object then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs,
 otherwise $e$ evaluates to $o$.
 \EndCase
 
@@ -18777,7 +18791,7 @@ \subsection{Local Variable Declaration}
 then $v$ is bound to $o$.
 If an object $o$ is assigned to $v$
 in a situation where $v$ is bound to an object $o'$
-then a dynamic error occurs
+then a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs
 (\commentary{it does not matter whether $o$ is the same object as $o'$}).
 
 \commentary{%
@@ -18938,7 +18952,8 @@ \subsection{If}
 proceeds as follows:
 Evaluate the expression $e$ to an object $o$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
 If $o$ is \TRUE, then execute the block statement $S_1$,
 otherwise execute the block statement $S_2$.
 
@@ -19021,7 +19036,8 @@ \subsubsection{For Loop}
 \item
   The expression $[v'/v]c$ is evaluated to an object $o$.
   % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-  It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
+  It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+  if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
   If $o$ is \FALSE, the for loop completes normally.
   Otherwise, execution continues at step \ref{beginIteration}.
 \item
@@ -19231,7 +19247,8 @@ \subsection{While}
 \LMHash{}%
 The expression $e$ is evaluated to an object $o$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
 
 \LMHash{}%
 If $o$ is \FALSE, then execution of the while statement completes normally
@@ -19282,7 +19299,8 @@ \subsection{Do}
 \LMHash{}%
 Then, the expression $e$ is evaluated to an object $o$.
 % This error can occur due to an implicit downcast from \DYNAMIC.
-It is a dynamic error if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
+It is a \DynamicError{dynamic error}
+if the run-time type of $o$ is not \code{bool}.
 If $o$ is \FALSE, execution of the do statement completes normally
 (\ref{statementCompletion}).
 If $o$ is \TRUE, then the do statement is re-executed.
@@ -19973,7 +19991,8 @@ \subsection{Return}
 
 \LMHash{}%
 The expression $e$ is evaluated to an object $o$.
-A dynamic error occurs unless the dynamic type of $o$ is a subtype of
+A \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs
+unless the dynamic type of $o$ is a subtype of
 the actual return type of $f$
 (\ref{actualTypes}).
 Then the return statement $s$ completes returning $o$
@@ -20000,7 +20019,8 @@ \subsection{Return}
 let \code{v} be a fresh variable bound to $o$ and
 evaluate \code{\AWAIT{} v} to an object $r$;
 otherwise let $r$ be $o$.
-A dynamic error occurs unless the dynamic type of $r$
+A \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs
+unless the dynamic type of $r$
 is a subtype of the actual value of $T_v$
 (\ref{actualTypes}).
 Then the return statement $s$ completes returning $r$
@@ -20885,28 +20905,28 @@ \subsubsection{Semantics of Imports}
   \NamespaceName{\metavar{import},i},
   a corresponding function named \id{} with the same function header as $f$.
   % This error can occur because being-loaded is a dynamic property.
-  Calling the function results in a dynamic error,
+  Calling the function results in a \DynamicError{dynamic error},
   and so does closurizing it
   (\ref{functionClosurization}).
 \item
   For every top level getter $g$ named \id{} in
   \NamespaceName{\metavar{import},i},
   a corresponding getter named \id{} with the same function header as $g$.
   % This error can occur because being-loaded is a dynamic property.
-  Calling the getter results in a dynamic error.
+  Calling the getter results in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 \item
   For every top level setter $s$ named \code{\id=} in
   \NamespaceName{\metavar{import},i},
   a corresponding setter named \code{\id=} with
   the same function header as $s$.
   % This error can occur because being-loaded is a dynamic property.
-  Calling the setter results in a dynamic error.
+  Calling the setter results in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 \item
   For every class, mixin and type alias declaration named \id{} in
   \NamespaceName{\metavar{import},i},
   a corresponding getter named \id{} with return type \code{Type}.
   % This error can occur because being-loaded is a dynamic property.
-  Calling the getter results in a dynamic error.
+  Calling the getter results in a \DynamicError{dynamic error}.
 \end{itemize}
 
 \rationale{%
@@ -21440,7 +21460,7 @@ \subsection{Scripts}
   that spawned $i$%
   }),
   or the null object if no such object was supplied.
-  A dynamic error occurs if
+  A \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs if
   the run-time type of this object is not a subtype of
   the declared type of the corresponding parameter of \code{main}.
 \end{itemize}
@@ -21463,7 +21483,7 @@ \subsection{Scripts}
 (\commentary{%
 the above rules ensure that the corresponding parameters are optional%
 }).
-But the implementation must ensure that a dynamic error occurs
+But the implementation must ensure that a \DynamicError{dynamic error} occurs
 if an actual argument does not have a run-time type which is
 a subtype of the declared type of the parameter.