bpf: callchain sensitive stack liveness tracking using CFG

This commit adds a flow-sensitive, context-sensitive, path-insensitive
data flow analysis for live stack slots:
- flow-sensitive: uses program control flow graph to compute data flow
  values;
- context-sensitive: collects data flow values for each possible call
  chain in a program;
- path-insensitive: does not distinguish between separate control flow
  graph paths reaching the same instruction.

Compared to the current path-sensitive analysis, this approach trades
some precision for not having to enumerate every path in the program.
This gives a theoretical capability to run the analysis before main
verification pass. See cover letter for motivation.

The basic idea is as follows:
- Data flow values indicate stack slots that might be read and stack
  slots that are definitely written.
- Data flow values are collected for each
  (call chain, instruction number) combination in the program.
- Within a subprogram, data flow values are propagated using control
  flow graph.
- Data flow values are transferred from entry instructions of callee
  subprograms to call sites in caller subprograms.

In other words, a tree of all possible call chains is constructed.
Each node of this tree represents a subprogram. Read and write marks
are collected for each instruction of each node. Live stack slots are
first computed for lower level nodes. Then, information about outer
stack slots that might be read or are definitely written by a
subprogram is propagated one level up, to the corresponding call
instructions of the upper nodes. Procedure repeats until root node is
processed.

In the absence of value range analysis, stack read/write marks are
collected during main verification pass, and data flow computation is
triggered each time verifier.c:states_equal() needs to query the
information.

Implementation details are documented in kernel/bpf/liveness.c.
Quantitative data about verification performance changes and memory
consumption is in the cover letter.

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250918-callchain-sensitive-liveness-v3-6-c3cd27bacc60@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

Author: eddyz87

include/linux/bpf_verifier.h

@@ -745,6 +745,8 @@ struct bpf_scc_info {
 	struct bpf_scc_visit visits[];
 };
 
+struct bpf_liveness;
+
 /* single container for all structs
  * one verifier_env per bpf_check() call
  */
@@ -846,6 +848,7 @@ struct bpf_verifier_env {
 	struct bpf_insn insn_buf[INSN_BUF_SIZE];
 	struct bpf_insn epilogue_buf[INSN_BUF_SIZE];
 	struct bpf_scc_callchain callchain_buf;
+	struct bpf_liveness *liveness;
 	/* array of pointers to bpf_scc_info indexed by SCC id */
 	struct bpf_scc_info **scc_info;
 	u32 scc_cnt;
@@ -1074,4 +1077,15 @@ int bpf_insn_successors(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx, u32 succ[2]);
 void bpf_fmt_stack_mask(char *buf, ssize_t buf_sz, u64 stack_mask);
 bool bpf_calls_callback(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx);
 
+int bpf_stack_liveness_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+void bpf_stack_liveness_free(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+int bpf_update_live_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+int bpf_mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 insn_idx, u64 mask);
+void bpf_mark_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u64 mask);
+int bpf_reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx);
+int bpf_commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+int bpf_live_stack_query_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state *st);
+bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 spi);
+void bpf_reset_live_stack_callchain(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_BPF_VERIFIER_H */

kernel/bpf/Makefile

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ cflags-nogcse-$(CONFIG_X86)$(CONFIG_CC_IS_GCC) := -fno-gcse
 endif
 CFLAGS_core.o += -Wno-override-init $(cflags-nogcse-yy)
 
-obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o tnum.o log.o token.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o tnum.o log.o token.o liveness.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_iter.o map_iter.o task_iter.o prog_iter.o link_iter.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += hashtab.o arraymap.o percpu_freelist.o bpf_lru_list.o lpm_trie.o map_in_map.o bloom_filter.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o ringbuf.o