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Updates of introduction.
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‎presentation/linux_bash_metacentrum_course.tex‎

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@@ -188,13 +188,13 @@ \subsection{What it is a~\enquote{UNIX}}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix}{UNIX}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Originally developed in Bell labs of AT\&T in 1969, written in C, since then huge radiation, hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, rich evolution,~\ldots
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\item Trademark --- only systems passing certain conditions (paid certification) can be called \enquote{UNIX} --- Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, etc. (commercial systems for big servers)
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\item \textbf{Main principles:} simple, multitasking, hierarchical, network, for more users (takes care about permissions etc.), configuration written in plain text files, important relationships among applications (generally one application = one task --- they are chained), work primarily with text, has kernel and API (interface to communicate with the rest of the system)
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\item Originally developed in Bell labs of AT\&T in 1969, written in C, since then rich evolution\ldots
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\item Trademark --- only systems passing certain conditions (paid certification) can be called \enquote{UNIX} --- Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, etc. (commercial systems for big servers; nowadays rare)
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\item \textbf{Main principles:} simple, multitasking, hierarchical structure, network, for more users (takes care about permissions etc.), configuration written in plain text files, important relationships among applications (generally one application = one task --- they are chained), work primarily with text, has kernel and API (interface to communicate with the rest of the system)
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\end{itemize}
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like}{UNIX-like} (UN*X, *nix)
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Systems compatible with UNIX (Linux, BSD and its variants, macOS,~\ldots)
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\item Systems compatible with UNIX (\textbf{Linux}, BSD and its variants, \textbf{macOS},~\ldots)
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\item Mainly open-source (UNIX is commonly commercial --- source code is not publicly available, but its specification is)
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\item Nowadays prevailing over \enquote{old} UNIX systems, used in many devices from tiny embedded toys to huge data centers
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\item Try to provide same quality as paid systems, but (mostly) for free
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ \subsection{What it is a~\enquote{UNIX}}
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\item System written from scratch, following ideas of UNIX
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\item Since 1984 Richard Stallman (founder of \href{https://www.fsf.org/}{Free Software Foundation}) tried to make new kernel (Hurd --- not finished yet\ldots)
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\item Generally set of basic system tools --- working with many kernels (Linux, BSD*, macOS,~\ldots), also present in many commercial paid UNIX systems
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\item Source code is free and open --- anyone can study it (Security!), report bugs, contribute, modify, share it,~\ldots
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\item GNU General Public License (GPL) --- free spirit of open-source --- license, idea, how to share software
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\item Source code is free and open --- anyone can study it (Security!), report bugs, contribute, modify, share it, get inspiration,~\ldots
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\item GNU General Public License (GPL) --- free spirit of open-source --- license, idea, how to share software to benefit everyone
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\item Inspired open public software development --- crucial for our usage of Linux \& al.
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\end{itemize}
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux}{Linux}
@@ -219,8 +219,9 @@ \subsection{What it is a~\enquote{UNIX}}
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\item Nowadays powering most of the Internet
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\item Anyone can contribute --- not only code, also documentation, design, translations,~\ldots
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\item Most of people working with UNIX are using Linux (or macOS)
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\item Powering everything from little \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things}{IoT} toys and devices to 100\% of \href{https://www.top500.org/statistics/list/}{top 500 supercomputers}
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\end{itemize}
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\item GNU and Linux are two important (but not sole) pieces of building set forming modern operating system
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\item \textbf{GNU tools} and \textbf{Linux kernel} are two important (but not sole) pieces of building set forming modern operating system --- \textbf{\enquote{Linux distribution}}
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\item \enquote{Linux} nowadays usually mean Linux kernel + GNU basic tools (thus correctly \enquote{GNU/Linux}) + thousands of various another applications (= \enquote{Linux distribution}) --- ecosystem of (free) open-source GNU/Linux applications of various origin forming together what we usually call simply \enquote{Linux}
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\item Term \enquote{Linux} has various meaning (see further)
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\begin{itemize}
@@ -239,15 +240,15 @@ \subsection{What it is a~\enquote{UNIX}}
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\begin{frame}{Most common UNIX-based systems (except Linux)}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/macOS}{macOS} (previously Mac OS~X) --- system kernel is based on older BSD and uses plenty of GNU tools (although mostly older outdated versions)
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\item Apple \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/macOS}{macOS} (previously Mac OS~X) --- system kernel is based on older BSD and uses plenty of GNU tools (although mostly older outdated versions)
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution}{BSD} --- one of the oldest operating systems, still developed in \href{https://distrowatch.com/search.php?ostype=BSD}{many independent variants}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Still very popular especially on servers, for special purposes, etc.
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\item License allows closing of the code --- used by Apple macOS kernel, PlayStation firmware,~\ldots
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\item Installation and management is for beginners usually harder than Linux, everything must be done manually, not so common as Linux anymore
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\item E.g. \href{https://www.freebsd.org/}{FreeBSD}, \href{https://www.dragonflybsd.org/}{DragonFly BSD}, \href{https://www.openbsd.org/}{OpenBSD}, \href{https://www.truenas.com/}{TrueNAS} (for storage servers),~\ldots
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\end{itemize}
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Solaris}{Solaris} --- commercial, not very common
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\item \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Solaris}{Solaris} --- commercial, not very common anymore
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Mainly special servers, paid
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\item \href{https://distrowatch.com/search.php?ostype=Solaris}{Several community-based variants} freely available
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Somehow assemble Linux kernel, basic tools and some applications
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\item Optionally add some patches and extra tools and gadgets
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\item Make your own design! (very important;)
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\item Make your own design! (very important;-)
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\item If lazy, remake existing distribution (using e.g. \href{http://openbuildservice.org/}{web service})
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\item Still surprised there are hundreds of them?
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\item It is like Lego --- pieces are more or less same across distributions, but result is very variable
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\item \href{https://www.debian.org/}{Debian} --- one of oldest and most common, especially on servers
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\item \href{https://ubuntu.com/}{Ubuntu} (nowadays probably the most popular on PCs and notebooks) and derivatives --- \href{https://kubuntu.org/}{Kubuntu}, \href{https://xubuntu.org/}{Xubuntu}, \href{https://lubuntu.me/}{Lubuntu},~\ldots~(according to GUI used --- most of the system is same)
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\item \href{https://linuxmint.com/}{Mint} --- Based on Ubuntu as well as Debian, user-friendly, popular
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\item \href{https://www.kali.org/}{Kali}, \href{https://knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html}{KNOPPIX}, \href{https://elementary.io/}{elementaryOS},~\ldots
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\item \href{https://www.kali.org/}{Kali}, \href{https://knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html}{KNOPPIX}, \href{https://elementary.io/}{elementaryOS}, \href{https://pop.system76.com/}{Pop!\_OS}, \href{https://mxlinux.org/}{MX Linux}, \href{https://zorin.com/os/}{Zorin OS},~\ldots
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\end{itemize}
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\item \href{https://distrowatch.com/search.php?package=RPM}{Red Hat (RPM) based}
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\begin{itemize}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item The most easy --- burn ISO image of CD from web of almost any Linux distribution or use for example \href{https://unetbootin.github.io/}{UNetbootin} to prepare bootable flash
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\item You only have to know how to boot from CD/USB (usually press \texttt{ESC}, \texttt{DEL}, \texttt{F2}, \texttt{F10}, \texttt{F12},~\ldots{ }when starting computer --- varies according to manufacturer)
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\item Commonly done to rescue data from broken Windows installations\ldots~;-)
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\end{itemize}
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\item Virtualization (slide~\ref{VBox})
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Requires relatively powerful computer (preferable Intel i5 or i7 or AMD Ryzen and over 8~GB of RAM) and enough disk space
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\item Requires powerful computer --- Intel i7 or AMD Ryzen, over 12~GB of RAM and hundreds of GB
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\item Install virtual machine (probably the most easy is \href{https://www.virtualbox.org/}{VirtualBox}) --- allows install and run another operating system inside host as an ordinary application --- very easy and comfortable
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\end{itemize}
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\item Linux subsystem in MS Windows Store (Windows 10 and 11)
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\begin{itemize}
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\item To install follow \url{https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/wsl/about}
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\item Version 1 only for command-line applications (it has some problems with paths, text files,~\ldots), version 2 should allow GUI (experimental)
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\item Version 2 works well for most of tasks
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\item Version 1 only for command-line applications (it has some problems with paths, text files,~\ldots)
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\item Version 2 works well for most of tasks and allows GUI (experimental)
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\end{itemize}
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\item Cygwin
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Download and install from \url{https://www.cygwin.com/}
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\item It is not native Linux, it is collection of GNU and open-source utilities compiled to work on Windows
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\item It is not native Linux, it is collection of GNU and open-source utilities compiled to work on Windows as more or less standard Windows applications
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\item Follows POSIX standards (i.e. it works like normal UNIX command line, with all features)
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\item Every application must be specially compiled to be able to work under Cygwin (it is sometimes complicated)
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\item Collection is large, include also GUI and DE, but not everything is easy working

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