@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ as an **expectational difference equation** whose solution is a rational expecta
7878We'll start this lecture with a quick review of deterministic (i.e., non-random)
7979first-order and second-order linear difference equations.
8080
81- ## Linear difference equations
81+ ## Linear Difference Equations
8282
8383We'll use the * backward shift* or * lag* operator $L$.
8484
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ We'll often use the equality $L^{-1} x_t \equiv x_{t+1}$ below.
9494
9595The algebra of lag and forward shift operators can simplify representing and solving linear difference equations.
9696
97- ### First order
97+ ### First Order
9898
9999We want to solve a linear first-order scalar difference equation.
100100
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ diverge, in which case a solution of this form does not exist.
181181The distributed lead in $u$ in {eq}` equn_5 ` need not
182182converge when $|\lambda| < 1$.
183183
184- ### Second order
184+ ### Second Order
185185
186186Now consider the second order difference equation
187187
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ equation {eq}`equation_1` can be constructed by adding to the right hand of {eq}
351351sequence $c \lambda^{-t}$ where $c$ is an arbitrary positive
352352constant.
353353
354- ## Some Python code
354+ ## Some Python Code
355355
356356We’ll construct examples that illustrate {eq}` equation_3 ` .
357357
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ Because
464464- it happens that in this example future $m$’s are always less
465465 than the current $m$
466466
467- ## Alternative code
467+ ## Alternative Code
468468
469469We could also have run the simulation using the quantecon
470470** LinearStateSpace** code.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ plt.legend()
498498plt.show()
499499```
500500
501- ### Special case
501+ ### Special Case
502502
503503To simplify our presentation in ways that will let focus on an important
504504idea, in the above second-order difference equation {eq}` equation_6 ` that governs
534534Please keep these formulas in mind as we investigate an alternative
535535route to and interpretation of our formula for $F$.
536536
537- ## Another perspective
537+ ## Another Perspective
538538
539539Above, we imposed stability or non-explosiveness on the solution of the key difference equation {eq}` equation_1 `
540540in Cagan's model by solving the unstable root of the characteristic polynomial forward.
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ p_0 = - (Q^{22})^{-1} Q^{21} m_0.
685685This is the unique ** stabilizing value** of $p_0$ expressed as a function of
686686$m_0$.
687687
688- ### Refining the formula
688+ ### Refining the Formula
689689
690690We can get an even more convenient formula for $p_0$ that is cast
691691in terms of components of $Q$ instead of components of
757757Q_1 = \begin{bmatrix} Q_{11} \\ Q_{21} \end{bmatrix}.
758758$$
759759
760- ### Some remarks about feedback
760+ ### Remarks about Feedback
761761
762762We have expressed {eq}` equation_8 ` in what superficially appears to be a form in
763763which $y_ {t+1}$ feeds back on $y_t$, even though what we
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ We’ll keep these observations in mind as we turn now to a case in which
778778the log money supply actually does feed back on the log of the price
779779level.
780780
781- ## Log money supply feeds back on log price level
781+ ## Log money Supply Feeds Back on Log Price Level
782782
783783An arrangement of eigenvalues that split around unity, with one being
784784below unity and another being greater than unity, sometimes prevails when there is * feedback* from the log price level to the log
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ exist.
964964magic_p0(1, δ=0.2)
965965```
966966
967- ## Big $P$, little $p$ interpretation
967+ ## Big $P$, Little $p$ Interpretation
968968
969969It is helpful to view our solutions of difference equations having feedback from the price level or inflation to money or the rate of money
970970creation in terms of the Big $K$, little $k$ idea discussed in {doc}` Rational Expectations Models <rational_expectations> ` .
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ Compare $F^*$ with $F_1 + F_2 F^*$
10641064F_check[0] + F_check[1] * F_star, F_star
10651065```
10661066
1067- ## Fun with SymPy code
1067+ ## Fun with SymPy
10681068
10691069This section is a gift for readers who have made it this far.
10701070
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