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```{youtube} eYTGQCGpmXI
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```
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Anders Munk-Nielsen put his code on github here <https://github.com/GamEconCph/Lectures-2021/tree/main/Bayesian%20Games>
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Anders Munk-Nielsen put his code [on GitHub](https://github.com/GamEconCph/Lectures-2021/tree/main/Bayesian%20Games).
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Much of our Python code below is based on his.
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This is a **Bayesian game**, a Nash equilibrium of which is called a **Bayesian Nash equilibrium**.
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To complete the specification of the situation, we'll assume that prospective buyers' valuations are independently and indentically distributed according to a probability distribution that is known by all bidders.
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To complete the specification of the situation, we'll assume that prospective buyers' valuations are independently and identically distributed according to a probability distribution that is known by all bidders.
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Bidder optimally chooses to bid less than $v_i$.
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Bidder optimally chooses to bid less than $v_i$.
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### Characterization of FPSB Auction
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A proof for this assertion is available at this Wikepedia page about Vicker auctions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction)
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A proof for this assertion is available at the [Wikepedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction) about Vickery auctions
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**Protocols:** In a second-price sealed-bid (SPSB) auction, the winner pays the second-highest bid.
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## Characterization of SPSB Auction.
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## Characterization of SPSB Auction
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In a SPSB auction bidders optimally choose to bid their values.
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Formally, a dominant strategy profile in a SPSB auction with a single, indivisible item has each bidder bidding its value.
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A proof is provided at this Wikepedia page about Vicker auctions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction)
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A proof is provided at [the Wikepedia
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page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction) about Vicker auctions
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We assume valuation $v_{i}$ of bidder $i$ is distributed $v_{i} \stackrel{\text{i.i.d.}}{\sim} U(0,1)$.
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Under this assumption, we can analytically compute probabilitiy distributions of prices bid in both FPSB and SPSB.
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Under this assumption, we can analytically compute probability distributions of prices bid in both FPSB and SPSB.
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We'll simulate outcomes and, by using a law of large numbers verify, that the simulated outcomes agree with analytical ones.
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We'll simulate outcomes and, by using a law of large numbers, verify that the simulated outcomes agree with analytical ones.
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We can use our simulation to illustrate a **Revenue Equivalence Theorem** that asserts that on average first-price and second-price sealed bid auctions provide a seller the same revenue.
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To read about the revenue equivalence theorem, see this Wikepdia page(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_equivalence)
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To read about the revenue equivalence theorem, see [this Wikepedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_equivalence)
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\end{aligned}
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$$
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and the PDF of $y$ is $\tilde{f}_{n-1}(y) = (n-1)y^{n-2}$.
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and the PDF of $y_i$ is $\tilde{f}_{n-1}(y) = (n-1)y^{n-2}$.
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Then bidder $i$'s optimal bid in a **FPSB** auction is:
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Let $b(v_{i})$ be the optimal bid in a FPSB auction.
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The revenue equivlance theorem tells us that a bidder agent with value $v_{i}$ on average receives the same **payment** in the two types of auction.
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The revenue equivalence theorem tells us that a bidder agent with value $v_{i}$ on average receives the same **payment** in the two types of auction.
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Consequently,
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In equations {eq}`eq:optbid1` and {eq}`eq:optbid1`, we displayed formulas for optimal bids in a symmetric Bayesian Nash Equilibrium of a
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a FPSB auction"
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In equations {eq}`eq:optbid1` and {eq}`eq:optbid1`, we displayed formulas for
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optimal bids in a symmetric Bayesian Nash Equilibrium of a FPSB auction.
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