CppInsights

Welcome to the CppInsights repository, your go-to destination for unraveling the mysteries of C++ programming. Here, We’ve put together clear, easy-to-understand examples that explain the core concepts and rules of C++.

Organized into branches, each branch of this repository is dedicated to a specific aspect of C++, facilitating easy navigation and focused learning. Whether you're a new or an experienced developer, our examples are tailored to help you grasp complex concepts and refine your C++ skills.

Each branch serves as a guided tour through the realm of C++, empowering you to unlock the language's full potential and embark on a rewarding programming journey. Join us as we explore into the depths of C++, one concept at a time. Happy coding!

Contents

• Introduction

  Computers execute commands given by programmers, who write programs in languages like C++, each with its own rules. Programs are translated from high-level human-readable code to low-level instructions by compilers, with files linked together to form an executable. Errors are common in programming, and understanding them is crucial for effective troubleshooting:

  • Compiler Errors
  • Linker Errors
  • Runtime Errors
  • Logic Errors

• Structure of C++ Program

  We will explore the structure of a C++ program, which consists of a series of instructions that are executed sequentially. The program consists of multiple types of instructions that shape its structure, we will cover the following:

  • Preprocessor Directives
  • Comments
  • main() Function
  • Namespaces
  • Basic Input/Output

• Variables & Constants

  Variables and constants are used to store data in a program, with variables being mutable and constants being immutable. We will cover the following:

  • Variable Declaration
  • Variable Initialization
  • Variables Types
  • Constants

• Arrays & Vectors

  Arrays and vectors are used to store multiple values of the same type in a single variable. We will cover the following:

  • Arrays
  • Vectors
  • Multidimensional Arrays & Vectors

• Statements & Operators

  Statements and operators are used to perform operations on data in a program. We will cover the following:

  • Statements
  • Expressions
  • Operators
  • Operator Precedence
  • Compound Assignment Operators

• Controlling Program Flow

  Controlling program flow is essential for executing specific instructions based on conditions. We will cover the following:

  • Block Statements
  • Variable Scope
  • Selection Statements
    • if Statements
    • if-else Statements
    • ... and more
  • Iteration Statements
    • for loops
    • while loops
    • ... and more

• Characters & Strings

  Characters and strings are used to represent textual data in a program. We will cover the following:

  • Characters
  • Strings
    • C-Style Strings
    • C++ Strings

• Functions

  Functions are used to encapsulate a set of instructions that perform a specific task. We will cover the following:

  • Function Definition
  • Function Prototypes
  • Function Parameters
  • Return Statements
  • Default Arguments
  • Overloading Functions
  • Passing Arrays to Functions
  • Passing by Reference
  • Scope Rules
  • How Functions Work
  • Inline Functions

• Pointers & References

  Pointers and references are used to store memory addresses and access data indirectly. We will cover the following:

  • Pointer Declaration & Initialization
  • Accessing Pointers & Storing Addresses
  • Dereferencing Pointers
  • Dynamic Memory Allocation
    • Relationship Between Pointers & Arrays
  • Pointer Arithmetic
  • Constants & Pointers
  • Pointers & Functions
  • Potiential Pointer Pitfalls

• OOP - Classes & Objects

  Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects to model real-world entities. We will cover the following:

  • What is Object-Oriented Programming?
  • What are Classes & Objects?
  • Declaring Classes and creating Objects
  • Accessing Class Members
  • Public & Private Access Specifiers
  • Implementing Class Functions
  • Constructors & Destructors
  • Constructor initializer lists
  • Delegating Constructors
  • Constructor parameters with default values
  • Copy Constructor
  • Move Constructor
  • The this Pointer
  • Static Class Members & Functions
  • Structs vs Classes
  • Friend Functions & Classes

• Operator Overloading

  Operator overloading allows operators to be redefined for user-defined types. We will cover the following:

  • Why operator overloading?
  • Overloading the assignment operator (Copy)
  • Overloading the assignment operator (Move)
  • Overloading operators as Member Functions
  • Overloading operators as Global Functions
  • Overloading the stream insertion and extraction operators

• Inheritance

  Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class. We will cover the following:

  • Key Concepts in Inheritance
  • Inheritance vs Composition
  • Deriving class from existing class
  • Protected Members and Class Access
  • Access Control Table
  • Constructors and Destructors in Inheritance
  • Passing Arguments to Base Class Constructors
  • Copy/Move Constructors and Assignment Operators in Inheritance
  • Redefining Base Methods
  • Multiple Inheritance

• Polymorphism

  Polymorphism is a feature that allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. We will cover the following:

  • What is Polymorphism?
  • Static vs Dynamic Polymorphism
  • Base Class Pointers or References
  • Virtual Functions
  • Virtual Destructor
  • override keyword
  • final keyword
  • Pure Virtual & Abstract Classes

• Smart Pointers

  Smart pointers are objects that manage the memory of dynamically allocated objects. We will cover the following:

  • Why were smart pointers introduced?
  • What are smart pointers?
  • key features of smart pointers
  • RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)
  • std::unique_ptr
  • std::shared_ptr
  • std::weak_ptr
  • Custom Deleters